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|
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN">
<html><head><title>UTF-8 Sampler</title>
<META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
</head><body bgcolor="#ffffff" text="#000000">
<h1><tt>UTF-8 SAMPLER</tt></h1>
<big><big> ¥ · £ · € · $ · ¢ · ₡ · ₢ · ₣ · ₤ · ₥ · ₦ · ₧ · ₨ · ₩ · ₪ · ₫ · ₭ · ₮ · ₯</big></big>
<p>
<p>
<blockquote>
Frank da Cruz<br>
<a href="index.html">The Kermit Project - Columbia University</a><br>
New York City<br>
<a href="mailto:fdc@columbia.edu">fdc@columbia.edu</a>
<p>
<i>Last update:</i>
Sat Feb 14 16:01:20 2004
</blockquote>
<p>
<hr>
[ <a href="http://www.columbia.edu/~fdc/pace/"">PEACE</a> ]
[ <a href="#poetry">Poetry</a> ]
[ <a href="#glass">I Can Eat Glass</a> ]
[ <a href="#quickbrownfox">The Quick Brown Fox</a> ]
[ <a href="#html">HTML Features</a> ]
[ <a href="#credits">Credits, Tools, Commentary</a> ]
<p>
<big><big>U</big>TF-8</big> is an ASCII-preserving encoding method for
<a href="unicode.html">Unicode</a> (ISO 10646), the Universal Character Set
(UCS). The UCS encodes most of the world's writing systems in a single
character set, allowing you to mix languages and scripts within a document
without needing any tricks for switching character sets. This web page is
encoded directly in UTF-8.
<p>
As shown <a href="glass.html">HERE</a>,
Columbia University's <a href="k95.html">Kermit 95</a> terminal emulation
software can display UTF-8 plain text in Windows 95, 98, ME, NT, XP, or 2000
when using a monospace Unicode font like <a
href="http://www.monotype.com">Andale Mono WT J</a> or <a
href="http://www.evertype.com/emono/">Everson Mono Terminal</a>, or the lesser
populated Courier New, Lucida Console, or Andale Mono. <a
href="ckermit.html">C-Kermit</a> can handle it too,
<a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html">if you have a Unicode
display</a>. As many languages as are representable in your font can be seen
on the screen at the same time.
<p>
This, however, is a Web page. Some Web browsers can handle UTF-8, some can't.
And those that can might not have a sufficiently populated font to work with
(some browsers might pick glyphs dynamically from multiple fonts; Netscape 6
seems to do this).
<a href="http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/fonts.html">CLICK HERE</a>
for a survey of Unicode fonts for Windows.
<p>
The subtitle above shows currency symbols of many lands. If they don't
appear as blobs, we're off to a good start!
<h3><a name="poetry"><hr>Poetry</a></h3>
From the Anglo-Saxon <a href="http://www.ragweedforge.com/poems.html"><cite>Rune Poem</cite></a> (Rune version):
<p><blockquote>
ᚠᛇᚻ᛫ᛒᛦᚦ᛫ᚠᚱᚩᚠᚢᚱ᛫ᚠᛁᚱᚪ᛫ᚷᛖᚻᚹᛦᛚᚳᚢᛗ<br>
ᛋᚳᛖᚪᛚ᛫ᚦᛖᚪᚻ᛫ᛗᚪᚾᚾᚪ᛫ᚷᛖᚻᚹᛦᛚᚳ᛫ᛗᛁᚳᛚᚢᚾ᛫ᚻᛦᛏ᛫ᛞᚫᛚᚪᚾ<br>
ᚷᛁᚠ᛫ᚻᛖ᛫ᚹᛁᛚᛖ᛫ᚠᚩᚱ᛫ᛞᚱᛁᚻᛏᚾᛖ᛫ᛞᚩᛗᛖᛋ᛫ᚻᛚᛇᛏᚪᚾ᛬<br>
</blockquote>
<p>
From Laȝamon's<i> <a href="http://mesl.itd.umich.edu/b/brut/">Brut</a></i>
(<i>The Chronicles of England</i>, Middle English, West Midlands):
<p>
<blockquote>
An preost wes on leoden, Laȝamon was ihoten<br>
He wes Leovenaðes sone -- liðe him be Drihten.<br>
He wonede at Ernleȝe at æðelen are chirechen,<br>
Uppen Sevarne staþe, sel þar him þuhte,<br>
Onfest Radestone, þer he bock radde.
</blockquote>
<p>
(The third letter in the author's name is Yogh, missing from many fonts;
<a href="st-erkenwald.html">CLICK HERE</a> for another Middle English sample
with some explanation of letters and encoding).
<p>
From the <cite>Tagelied</cite> of
<a href="http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/autoren/eschenba.htm">
<b>Wolfram von Eschenbach</b></a> (Middle High German):
<p><blockquote>
Sîne klâwen durh die wolken sint geslagen,<br>
er stîget ûf mit grôzer kraft,<br>
ich sih in grâwen tägelîch als er wil tagen,<br>
den tac, der im geselleschaft<br>
erwenden wil, dem werden man,<br>
den ich mit sorgen în verliez.<br>
ich bringe in hinnen, ob ich kan.<br>
sîn vil manegiu tugent michz leisten hiez.<br>
</blockquote><p>
Some lines of
<a href="http://users.hol.gr/~artemis/odysseas_elytis.htm">
<b>Odysseus Elytis</b></a> (Greek):
<blockquote>
Τη γλώσσα μου έδωσαν ελληνική<br>
το σπίτι φτωχικό στις αμμουδιές του Ομήρου.<br>
Μονάχη έγνοια η γλώσσα μου στις αμμουδιές του Ομήρου.<br>
<p>
από το Άξιον Εστί<br>
του Οδυσσέα Ελύτη
</blockquote>
<p>
The first stanza of
<a href="http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/%7Eleong/Russkaya%20Literatura/Aleksandr%20Sergeevich%20Pushkin.htm"><b>Pushkin</b></a>'s <cite>Bronze Horseman</cite> (Russian):<br>
<p><blockquote>
На берегу пустынных волн<br>
Стоял он, дум великих полн,<br>
И вдаль глядел. Пред ним широко<br>
Река неслася; бедный чёлн<br>
По ней стремился одиноко.<br>
По мшистым, топким берегам<br>
Чернели избы здесь и там,<br>
Приют убогого чухонца;<br>
И лес, неведомый лучам<br>
В тумане спрятанного солнца,<br>
Кругом шумел.<br>
</blockquote><p>
<a href="http://www.compling.hu-berlin.de/~johannes/mxedruli/"><b>Šota Rustaveli</b></a>'s Veṗxis Ṭq̇aosani,
̣︡Th, <cite>The Knight in the Tiger's Skin</cite> (Georgian):<p>
<blockquote>
ვეპხის ტყაოსანი
შოთა რუსთაველი
<p>
ღმერთსი შემვედრე, ნუთუ კვლა დამხსნას სოფლისა შრომასა,
ცეცხლს, წყალსა და მიწასა, ჰაერთა თანა მრომასა;
მომცნეს ფრთენი და აღვფრინდე, მივჰხვდე მას ჩემსა ნდომასა,
დღისით და ღამით ვჰხედვიდე მზისა ელვათა კრთომაასა.
</blockquote>
<p>
Tamil poetry of Cupiramaniya Paarathiyar:
சுப்ரமணிய பாரதியார் (1882-1921)
<p>
<blockquote>
யாமறிந்த மொழிகளிலே தமிழ்மொழி போல் இனிதாவது எங்கும் காணோம், <br>
பாமரராய் விலங்குகளாய், உலகனைத்தும் இகழ்ச்சிசொலப் பான்மை கெட்டு, <br>
நாமமது தமிழரெனக் கொண்டு இங்கு வாழ்ந்திடுதல் நன்றோ? சொல்லீர்!<br
தேமதுரத் தமிழோசை உலகமெலாம் பரவும்வகை செய்தல் வேண்டும்.
<p>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="glass"><hr>I Can Eat Glass</a></h3>
And from the sublime to the ridiculous, here is a
<a href="http://hcs.harvard.edu/~igp/glass.html">
certain phrase</a> in an assortment of languages
<a href="#notes">(1)</a>:
<p>
<ol>
<li><b>Sanskrit</b>: काचं शक्नोम्यत्तुम् । नोपहिनस्ति माम् ॥
<li><b>Sanskrit</b> <i>(standard transcription):</i> kācaṃ śaknomyattum; nopahinasti mām.
<li><b>Classical Greek</b>: ὕαλον ϕαγεῖν δύναμαι· τοῦτο οὔ με βλάπτει.
<li><b>Greek</b>: Μπορώ να φάω σπασμένα γυαλιά χωρίς να πάθω τίποτα.
<br><b>Etruscan</b>: (NEEDED)
<li><b>Latin</b>: Vitrum edere possum; mihi non nocet.
<li><b>Esperanto</b>: Mi povas manĝi vitron, ĝi ne damaĝas min.
<li><b>French</b>: Je peux manger du verre, ça ne me fait pas de mal.
<li><b>Provençal / Occitan</b>: Pòdi manjar de veire, me nafrariá pas.
<li><b>Québécois</b>: J'peux manger d'la vitre, ça m'fa pas mal.
<li><b>Walloon</b>: Dji pou magnî do vêre, çoula m' freut nén må.
<br><b>Champenois</b>: (NEEDED)
<br><b>Lorrain</b>: (NEEDED)
<li><b>Picard</b>: Ch'peux mingi du verre, cha m'foé mie n'ma.
<br><b>Corsican</b>: (NEEDED)
<li><b>Basque</b>: Kristala jan dezaket, ez dit minik ematen.
<li><b>Catalan</b>: Puc menjar vidre que no em fa mal.
<li><b>Spanish</b>: Puedo comer vidrio, no me hace daño.
<li><b>Aragones</b>: Puedo minchar beire, no me'n fa mal .
<li><b>Galician</b>: Eu podo xantar cristais e non cortarme.
<li><b>Portuguese</b>: Posso comer vidro, não me faz mal.
<li><b>Brazilian Portuguese</b>: Posso comer vidro, não me machuca.
<li><b>Caboverdiano</b>: M' podê cumê vidru, ca ta maguâ-m'.
<li><b>Papiamentu</b>: Ami por kome glas anto e no ta hasimi daño.
<li><b>Italian</b>: Posso mangiare il vetro e non mi fa male.
<li><b>Milanese</b>: Sôn bôn de magnà el véder, el me fa minga mal.
<li><b>Roman</b>: Me posso magna' er vetro, e nun me fa male.
<li><b>Sicilian</b>: Puotsu mangiari u vitru, nun mi fa mali.
<li><b>Venetian</b>: Mi posso magnare el vetro, no'l me fa mae.
<li><b>Zeneise</b> <i>(Genovese):</i> Pòsso mangiâ o veddro e o no me fà mâ.
<br><b>Rheto-Romance / Romansch</b>: (NEEDED)
<br><b>Romany / Tsigane</b>: (NEEDED)
<li><b>Romanian</b>: Pot să mănânc sticlă și ea nu mă rănește.
<br><b>Pictish</b>: (NEEDED)
<br><b>Breton</b>: (NEEDED)
<li><b>Cornish</b>: Mý a yl dybry gwéder hag éf ny wra ow ankenya.
<li><b>Welsh</b>: Dw i'n gallu bwyta gwydr, 'dyw e ddim yn gwneud dolur i mi.
<li><b>Manx Gaelic</b>: Foddym gee glonney agh cha jean eh gortaghey mee.
<li><b>Old Irish</b> <i>(Ogham):</i> ᚛᚛ᚉᚑᚅᚔᚉᚉᚔᚋ ᚔᚈᚔ ᚍᚂᚐᚅᚑ ᚅᚔᚋᚌᚓᚅᚐ᚜
<li><b>Old Irish</b> <i>(Latin):</i> Con·iccim ithi nglano. Ním·géna.
<li><b>Irish</b>: Is féidir liom gloinne a ithe. Ní dhéanann sí dochar ar bith dom.
<li><b>Scottish Gaelic</b>: S urrainn dhomh gloinne ithe; cha ghoirtich i mi.
<li><b>Anglo-Saxon</b> <i>(Runes):</i>
ᛁᚳ᛫ᛗᚨᚷ᛫ᚷᛚᚨᛋ᛫ᛖᚩᛏᚪᚾ᛫ᚩᚾᛞ᛫ᚻᛁᛏ᛫ᚾᛖ᛫ᚻᛖᚪᚱᛗᛁᚪᚧ᛫ᛗᛖ᛬
<li><b>Anglo-Saxon</b> <i>(Latin):</i> Ic mæg glæs eotan ond hit ne hearmiað me.
<li><b>Middle English</b>: Ich canne glas eten and hit hirtiþ me nouȝt.
<li><b>English</b>: I can eat glass and it doesn't hurt me.
<li><b>English</b> <i>(IPA):</i> [aɪ kæn iːt glɑːs ænd ɪt dɐz nɒt hɜːt miː] (Received Pronunciation)
<li><b>English</b> <i>(Braille):</i> ⠊⠀⠉⠁⠝⠀⠑⠁⠞⠀⠛⠇⠁⠎⠎⠀⠁⠝⠙⠀⠊⠞⠀⠙⠕⠑⠎⠝⠞⠀⠓⠥⠗⠞⠀⠍⠑
<li><b>Lalland Scots / Doric</b>: Ah can eat gless, it disnae hurt us.
<br><b>Glaswegian</b>: (NEEDED)
<li><b>Gothic</b> (<a href="#notes">4</a>):
𐌼𐌰𐌲
𐌲𐌻𐌴𐍃
𐌹̈𐍄𐌰𐌽,
𐌽𐌹
𐌼𐌹𐍃
𐍅𐌿
𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽
𐌱𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐌹𐌸.
<li><b>Old Norse</b> <i>(Runes):</i> ᛖᚴ ᚷᛖᛏ ᛖᛏᛁ
ᚧ ᚷᛚᛖᚱ ᛘᚾ
ᚦᛖᛋᛋ ᚨᚧ ᚡᛖ
ᚱᚧᚨ ᛋᚨᚱ
<li><b>Old Norse</b> <i>(Latin):</i> Ek get etið gler án þess að verða sár.
<li><b>Norsk / Norwegian (Nynorsk):</b> Eg kan eta glas utan å skada meg.
<li><b>Norsk / Norwegian (Bokmål):</b> Jeg kan spise glass uten å skade meg.
<br><b>Føroyskt / Faroese</b>: (NEEDED)
<li><b>Íslenska / Icelandic</b>: Ég get etið gler án þess að meiða mig.
<li><b>Svensk / Swedish</b>: Jag kan äta glas utan att skada mig.
<li><b>Dansk / Danish</b>: Jeg kan spise glas, det gør ikke ondt på mig.
<li><b>Soenderjysk</b>: Æ ka æe glass uhen at det go mæ naue.
<li><b>Frysk / Frisian</b>: Ik kin glês ite, it docht me net sear.
<li><b>Nederlands / Dutch</b>: Ik kan glas eten; het doet mij geen
pijn.
<li><b>Afrikaans</b>: Ek kan glas eet, maar dit maak my nie seer nie.
<li><b>Lëtzebuergescht / Luxemburgish</b>: Ech kan Glas iessen, daat deet mir nët wei.
<li><b>Deutsch / German</b>: Ich kann Glas essen, ohne mir weh zu tun.
<li><b>Ruhrdeutsch</b>: Ich kann Glas verkasematuckeln, ohne dattet mich wat jucken tut.
<li><b>Sächsisch / Saxon</b>: 'sch kann Glos essn, ohne dass'sch mer wehtue.
<li><b>Pfälzisch</b>: Isch konn Glass fresse ohne dasses mer ebbes ausmache dud.
<li><b>Schwäbisch / Swabian</b>: I kå Glas frässa, ond des macht mr nix!
<li><b>Bayrisch / Bavarian</b>: I koh Glos esa, und es duard ma ned wei.
<li><b>Allemannisch</b>: I kaun Gloos essen, es tuat ma ned weh.
<li><b>Schwyzerdütsch</b>: Ich chan Glaas ässe, das tuet mir nöd weeh.
<li><b>Hungarian</b>: Meg tudom enni az üveget, nem lesz tőle bajom.
<li><b>Suomi / Finnish</b>: Voin syödä lasia, se ei vahingoita minua.
<li><b>Sami (Northern)</b>: Sáhtán borrat lása, dat ii leat bávččas.
<br><b>Sami (Kildi)</b>: (NEEDED)
<li><b>Estonian</b>: Ma võin klaasi süüa, see ei tee mulle midagi.
<li><b>Latvian</b>: Es varu ēst stiklu, tas man nekaitē.
<li><b>Lithuanian</b>: Aš galiu valgyti stiklą ir jis manęs nežeidžia
<br><b>Old Prussian</b>: (NEEDED)
<br><b>Sorbian / Lusatian / Wendish</b>: (NEEDED)
<li><b>Czech</b>: Mohu jíst sklo, neublíží mi.
<li><b>Slovak</b>: Môžem jesť sklo. Nezraní ma.
<li><b>Polska / Polish</b>: Mogę jeść szkło i mi nie szkodzi.
<li><b>Slovenian:</b> Lahko jem steklo, ne da bi mi škodovalo.
<li><b>Croatian</b>: Ja mogu jesti staklo i ne boli me.
<li><b>Serbian</b> <i>(Latin):</i> Mogu jesti staklo a da mi ne škodi.
<li><b>Serbian</b> <i>(Cyrillic):</i> Могу јести стакло
а
да ми
не
шкоди.
<li><b>Macedonian:</b> Можам да јадам стакло, а не ме штета.
<li><b>Russian</b>: Я могу есть стекло, оно мне не вредит.
<li><b>Belarusian</b> <i>(Cyrillic):</i> Я магу есці шкло, яно мне не шкодзіць.
<li><b>Belarusian</b> <i>(Lacinka):</i> Ja mahu jeści škło, jano mne ne škodzić.
<li><b>Ukrainian</b>: Я можу їсти шкло, й воно мені не пошкодить.
<!-- <li><b>Bulgarian</b>: Мога да ям стъкло и не ме боли. -->
<li><b>Bulgarian</b>: Мога да ям стъкло, то не ми вреди.
<li><b>Georgian</b>: მინას ვჭამ და არა მტკივა.
<li><b>Armenian</b>: Կրնամ ապակի ուտել և ինծի անհանգիստ չըներ։
<li><b>Albanian</b>: Unë mund të ha qelq dhe nuk më gjen gjë.
<li><b>Turkish</b>: Cam yiyebilirim, bana zararı dokunmaz.
<li><b>Turkish</b> <i>(Ottoman):</i> جام ييه بلورم بڭا ضررى طوقونمز
<li><b>Bangla / Bengali</b>:
আমি কাঁচ খেতে পারি, তাতে আমার কোনো ক্ষতি হয় না।
<li><b>Marathi</b>: मी काच खाऊ शकतो, मला ते दुखत नाही.
<li><b>Hindi</b>: मैं काँच खा सकता हूँ, मुझे उस से कोई पीडा नहीं होती.
<li><b>Tamil</b>: நான் கண்ணாடி சாப்பிடுவேன், அதனால் எனக்கு ஒரு கேடும் வராது.
<li><b>Urdu</b><a href="#notes">(2)</a>: <span dir="RTL" lang=UR>
میں کانچ کھا سکتا ہوں اور مجھے تکلیف نہیں ہوتی ۔</span>
<li><b>Pashto</b><a href="#notes">(2)</a>: زه شيشه خوړلې شم، هغه ما نه خوږوي
<li><b>Farsi / Persian</b>: .من می توانم بدونِ احساس درد شيشه بخورم
<li><b>Arabic</b><a href="#notes">(2)</a>: <span dir="RTL" lang=AR>أنا قادر على أكل الزجاج و هذا لا يؤلمني.</span>
<br><B>Aramaic</B>: (NEEDED)
<li><B>Hebrew</B><a href="#notes">(2)</a>: <SPAN dir=rtl lang=HE>אני יכול לאכול זכוכית וזה לא מזיק לי.</SPAN>
<li><B>Yiddish</B><a href="#notes">(2)</a>: <SPAN dir=rtl lang=JI>איך קען עסן גלאָז און עס טוט מיר נישט װײ.</SPAN>
<br><b>Judeo-Arabic</b>: (NEEDED)
<br><b>Ladino</b>: (NEEDED)
<br><b>Gǝʼǝz</b>: (NEEDED)
<br><b>Amharic</b>: (NEEDED)
<li><b>Twi</b>: Metumi awe tumpan, ɜnyɜ me hwee.
<li><b>Hausa</b> (<i>Latin</i>): Inā iya taunar gilāshi kuma in gamā lāfiyā.
<li><b>Hausa</b> (<i>Ajami</i>) <a href="#notes">(2)</a>: <SPAN dir=rtl lang=HA>
إِنا إِىَ تَونَر غِلَاشِ كُمَ إِن غَمَا لَافِىَا</SPAN>
<li><b>Yoruba</b><a href="#notes">(3)</a>: Mo lè je̩ dígí, kò ní pa mí lára.
<li><b>Malay</b>: Saya boleh makan kaca dan ia tidak mencederakan saya.
<li><b>Tagalog</b>: Kaya kong kumain nang bubog at hindi ako masaktan.
<li><b>Chamorro</b>: Siña yo' chumocho krestat, ti ha na'lalamen yo'.
<li><b>Javanese</b>: Aku isa mangan beling tanpa lara.
<br><b>Burmese</b>: (NEEDED)
<li><B>Vietnamese (quốc ngữ)</B>: Tôi có thể ăn thủy tinh mà không hại gì.
<li><B>Vietnamese (nôm)</B> (<a href="#notes">4</a>): 些 𣎏 世 咹 水 晶 𦓡 空 𣎏 害 咦
<br><b>Khmer</b>: (NEEDED)
<br><b>Lao</b>: (NEEDED)
<li><b>Thai</b>: ฉันกินกระจกได้ แต่มันไม่ทำให้ฉันเจ็บ
<li><b>Mongolian</b> <i>(Cyrillic):</i> Би шил идэй чадна, надад хортой биш
<li><b>Mongolian</b> <i>(Classic) (<a href="#notes">5</a>):</i>
ᠪᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠢ ᠢᠳᠡᠶᠦ ᠴᠢᠳᠠᠨᠠ ᠂ ᠨᠠᠳᠤᠷ ᠬᠣᠤᠷᠠᠳᠠᠢ ᠪᠢᠰᠢ
<br><b>Dzongkha</b>: (NEEDED)
<br><b>Nepali</b>: (NEEDED)
<li><b>Tibetan</b>: ཤེལ་སྒོ་ཟ་ནས་ང་ན་གི་མ་རེད།
<li><b>Chinese</b>: <span lang=zh>我能吞下玻璃而不伤身体。</span>
<li><b>Chinese</b> (Traditional): 我能吞下玻璃而不傷身體。
<li><b>Taiwanese</b><a href="#notes">(6)</a>: Góa ē-tàng chia̍h po-lê, mā bē tio̍h-siong.
<li><b>Japanese</b>: <span lang=ja>私はガラスを食べられます。それは私を傷つけません。</span>
<li><b>Korean</b>: <span lang=ko>나는 유리를 먹을 수 있어요. 그래도 아프지 않아요</span>
<li><b>Hawaiian</b>: Hiki iaʻu ke ʻai i ke aniani; ʻaʻole nō lā au e ʻeha.<br>
<li><b>Marquesan</b>: E koʻana e kai i te karahi, mea ʻā, ʻaʻe hauhau.
<li><b>Navajo</b>: Tsésǫʼ yishą́ągo bííníshghah dóó doo shił neezgai da.
<br><b>Cherokee</b> <i>(and Cree, Ojibwa, Inuktitut, and other Native American languages):</i> (NEEDED)
<br><b>Garifuna</b>: (NEEDED)
<br><b>Gullah</b>: (NEEDED)
<li><b>Lojban</b>: mi kakne le nu citka le blaci .iku'i le se go'i na xrani mi
<li><b>Nórdicg</b>: Ljœr ye caudran créneþ ý jor cẃran.
</ol>
<p>
<i>(Additions, corrections, completions,</i>
<a href="mailto:kermit@columbia.edu"><i>gratefully accepted</i></a><i>.)</i>
<p>
For testing purposes, some of these are repeated in a <b>monospace font</b> . . .
<p>
<ol>
<li><tt>Euro Symbol: €.</tt>
<li><tt>Greek: Μπορώ να φάω σπασμένα γυαλιά χωρίς να πάθω τίποτα.</tt>
<li><tt>Íslenska / Icelandic: Ég get etið gler án þess að meiða mig.</tt>
<li><tt>Dutch: Ik kan glas eten, maar dat doet mij geen kwaad.</tt>
<li><tt>Polish: Mogę jeść szkło, i mi nie szkodzi.</tt>
<li><tt>Romanian: Pot să mănânc sticlă și ea nu mă rănește.</tt>
<li><tt>Ukrainian: Я можу їсти шкло, й воно мені не пошкодить.</tt>
<li><tt>Armenian: Կրնամ ապակի ուտել և ինծի անհանգիստ չըներ։</tt>
<li><tt>Georgian: მინას ვჭამ და არა მტკივა.</tt>
<li><tt>Hindi: मैं काँच खा सकता हूँ, मुझे उस से कोई पीडा नहीं होती.</tt>
<li><tt>Hebrew<a href="#notes">(2)</a>: <SPAN dir=rtl lang=HE>אני יכול לאכול זכוכית וזה לא מזיק לי.</SPAN></tt>
<li><tt>Yiddish<a href="#notes">(2)</a>: <SPAN dir=rtl lang=JI>איך קען עסן גלאָז און עס טוט מיר נישט װײ.</SPAN></tt>
<li><tt>Arabic<a href="#notes">(2)</a>: <span dir="RTL" lang=AR>أنا قادر على أكل الزجاج و هذا لا يؤلمني.</span></tt>
<li><tt>Japanese: <span lang=ja>私はガラスを食べられます。それは私を傷つけません。</tt></span></tt>
<li><tt>Thai: ฉันกินกระจกได้ แต่มันไม่ทำให้ฉันเจ็บ</tt>
</ol>
<p>
<b><a name="notes">Notes:</a></b>
<p>
<ol>
<li>The phrase and initial translations were borrowed from Ethan Mollick's <a
href="http://hcs.harvard.edu/~igp/glass.html">I Can Eat Glass</a> page; see <a
href="#credits">Credits</a> for the many additional contributions since then.
The word "hurt" is used in the sense of "cause harm", "do damage", or "bother",
rather than "inflict pain" or "make sad". The numbering of the samples is
arbitrary, done only to keep track of how many there are, and can change any
time a new entry is added. The arrangement is also arbitrary but with some
attempt to group related examples together. Note: All languages not listed
are wanted, not just the ones that say (NEEDED).
<li><a name="note1">Correct right-to-left display of these languages
depends on the capabilities of your browser.</a> The period should
appear on the left. In the monospace Yiddish example, the Yiddish digraphs
should occupy one character cell.
<li>Yoruba: The third word</a> is Latin letter small 'j' followed by
small 'e' with U+0329, Combining Vertical Line Below. This displays
correctly only if your Unicode font includes the U+0329 glyph and your
browser supports combining diacritical marks. The Indic examples
also include combining sequences.
<li>Includes Unicode 3.1 (or later) characters beyond Plane 0.
<li>The Classic Mongolian example should be vertical, top-to-bottom and
left-to-right. But such display is almost impossible. Also no font yet
exists which provides the proper ligatures and positional variants for the
characters of this script, which works somewhat like Arabic.
<li>Taiwanese is also known as Holo or Hoklo, and is related to Southern
Min dialects such as Amoy.
Contributed by Henry H. Tan-Tenn, who comments, "The above is
the romanized version, in a script current among Taiwanese Christians since
the mid-19th century. It was invented by British missionaries and saw use in
hundreds of published works, mostly of a religious nature. Most Taiwanese did
not know Chinese characters then, or at least not well enough to read. More
to the point, though, a written standard using Chinese characters has never
developed, so a significant minority of words are represented with different
candidate characters, depending on one's personal preference or etymological
theory. In this sentence, for example, "-tàng", "chia̍h",
"mā" and "bē" are problematic using Chinese characters.
"Góa" (I/me) and "po-lê" (glass) are as written in other Sinitic
languages (e.g. Mandarin, Hakka)."
</ol>
<h3><a name="quickbrownfox"><hr>The Quick Brown Fox</a></h3>
The "I can eat glass" sentences do not necessarily show off the orthography of
each language to best advantage. In many alphabetic written languages it is
possible to include all (or most) letters (or "special" characters) in
a single (often nonsense) <i>pangram</i>. These were traditionally used in
typewriter instruction; now they are useful for stress-testing computer fonts
and keyboard input methods. Here are a few examples (SEND MORE):
<p>
<ol>
<li><b>English:</b> The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog.
<li><b>Irish:</b> "An ḃfuil do ċroí ag bualaḋ ó ḟaitíos an ġrá a ṁeall lena ṗóg éada ó
ṡlí do leasa ṫú?"
"D'ḟuascail Íosa Úrṁac na hÓiġe Beannaiṫe pór Éava agus Áḋaiṁ."
<li><b>Dutch:</b> Pa's wijze lynx bezag vroom het fikse aquaduct.
<li><b>German: </b> Falsches Üben von Xylophonmusik quält jeden
größeren Zwerg. (1)
<li><b>German: </b> <span lang=da>Im finſteren Jagdſchloß am offenen Felsquellwaſſer patzte der affig‐flatterhafte kauzig‐höfliche Bäcker über ſeinem verſifften kniffligen C‐Xylophon.</span> (2)
<li><b>Swedish:</b> Flygande bäckasiner söka strax hwila på mjuka tuvor.
<li><b>Czech:</b> Příliš
žluťoučký kůň úpěl
ďábelské kódy.
<li><b>Slovak:</b> Starý kôň na hŕbe
kníh žuje tíško povädnuté
ruže, na stĺpe sa ďateľ
učí kvákať novú ódu o
živote.
<li><b>Russian:</b> В чащах
юга жил-был
цитрус? Да,
но
фальшивый
экземпляр!
ёъ.
<li><b>Bulgarian:</b> Жълтата дюля беше щастлива, че пухът, който цъфна, замръзна като гьон.
<li><b>Sami (Northern):</b> Vuol Ruoŧa geđggiid leat máŋga luosa ja čuovžža.
<li><b>Hungarian:</b> Árvíztűrő tükörfúrógép.
<li><b>Spanish:</b> El pingüino Wenceslao hizo kilómetros bajo exhaustiva lluvia y frío, añoraba a su querido cachorro.
<li><b>Portuguese:</b> O próximo vôo à noite sobre o Atlântico, põe freqüentemente o único médico. (3)
<li><b>French:</b> Les naïfs ægithales hâtifs pondant à Noël où il gèle sont sûrs d'être
déçus et de voir leurs drôles d'œufs abîmés.
</b>
<li><b>Esperanto:</b> Eĥoŝanĝo
ĉiuĵaŭde.
<li><b>Hebrew:</b> <span dir="RTL" lang=HE>זה כיף סתם לשמוע איך תנצח קרפד עץ טוב בגן.</span>
<li><b>Japanese</b> (Hiragana):<blockquote>
いろはにほへど ちりぬるを<br>
わがよたれぞ つねならむ<br>
うゐのおくやま けふこえて<br>
あさきゆめみじ ゑひもせず
(4)
</blockquote>
</ol>
<p>
<b>Notes:</b>
<p>
<ol>
<li>Other phrases commonly used in Germany include: "Ein wackerer Bayer
vertilgt ja bequem zwo Pfund Kalbshaxe" and, more recently, "Franz jagt im
komplett verwahrlosten Taxi quer durch Bayern", but both lack umlauts and
esszet. Previously, going for the shortest sentence that has all the
umlauts and special characters, I had
"Grüße aus Bärenhöfe
(und Óechtringen)!"
Acute accents are not used in native German words, so I was surprised to
discover "Óechtringen" in the Deutsche Bundespost
<a href="http://www.columbia.edu/~fdc/misc/oechtringen.jpg">Postleitzahlenbuch</a>
(Vorsicht! 2.8MB JPG image). It's a small village in eastern Lower Saxony.
The "oe" in this case
turns out to be the Lower Saxon "lengthening e" (Dehnungs-e), which makes the
previous vowel long (used in a number of Lower Saxon place names such as Soest
and Itzehoe), not the "e" that indicates umlaut of the preceding vowel.
Many thanks to the Óechtringensnamenschreibunguntersuchungskomitee (Alex
Bochannek, Manfred Erren, Asmus Freytag, Christoph Päper) for their
relentless pursuit of the facts in this case. Conclusion: the accent almost
certainly does not belong on this (or any other native German) word, but
neither can it be dismissed as dirt on the page. To add to the mystery, it
has been reported that other copies of the same edition of the PLZB do not
show the accent!
<p>
<li>From Karl Pentzlin (Kochel am See, Bavaria, Germany):
"This German phrase is suited for display by a Fraktur (broken letter)
font. It contains: all common three-letter ligatures: ffi ffl fft and all
two-letter ligatures required by the Duden for Fraktur typesetting: ch ck ff
fi fl ft ll ſch ſi ſſ ſt tz (all in a
manner such they are not part of a three-letter ligature), one example of f-l
where German typesetting rules prohibit ligating (marked by a ZWNJ), and all
German letters a...z, ä,ö,ü,ß, ſ [long s]
(all in a manner such that they are not part of a two-letter Fraktur
ligature)."
<p>
<li>Diaeresis is not used in Iberian Portuguese.
<p>
<li>From Yurio Miyazawa: "This poetry contains all the sounds in the
Japanese language and used to be the first thing for children to learn in
their Japanese class. The Hiragana version is particularly neat because it
covers every character in the phonetic Hiragana character set." Yurio also
sent the Kanji version:
<p>
<blockquote>
色は匂へど 散りぬるを<br>
我が世誰ぞ 常ならむ<br>
有為の奥山 今日越えて<br>
浅き夢見じ 酔ひもせず
</blockquote>
</ol>
<p>
<b>Accented Cyrillic:</b>
<p>
<i>(This section contributed by Vladimir Marinov.)</i>
<p>
In Bulgarian it is desirable, customary, or in some cases required to
write accents over vowels. Unfortunately, no computer character sets
contain the full repertoire of accented Cyrillic letters. With Unicode,
however, it is possible to combine any Cyrillic letter with any combining
accent. The appearance of the result depends on the font and the rendering
engine. Here are two examples.
<p>
<ol>
<li>Той видя бялата коса́ по главата и́ и ко́са на рамото и́, и ре́че да и́
рече́: "Пара́та по́ па́ри от па́рата, не ща пари́!", но си поми́сли: "Хей,
помисли́ си! А́ и́ река, а́ е скочила в тази река, която щеше да тече́,
а не те́че."
<p>
<li>По пъ́тя пъту́ват кю́рди и югославя́ни.
</ol>
</blockquote>
<h3><a name="html"><hr>HTML Features</a></h3>
Here is the Russian alphabet (uppercase only) coded in three
different ways, which should look identical:
<p>
<ol>
<li>АБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯ
<i>(Literal UTF-8)</i>
<li>АБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯ
<i>(Decimal numeric character reference)</i>
<li>АБВГДЕЖЗИЙКЛМНОПРСТУФХЦЧШЩЪЫЬЭЮЯ
<i>(Hexadecimal numeric character reference)</i>
</ol>
<p>
In another test, we use HTML language tags to distinguish Bulgarian, Russian,
and <a href="http://www.tiro.com/transfer/Serbian_Rendering.pdf">Serbian</a>,
which have different italic forms for lowercase
б, г, д, п, and/or т:
<p>
<blockquote>
<table>
<tr>
<td><b>Bulgarian</b>:
<td><span lang=BG>[ бгдпт</span> ]
<td><span lang=BG>[ <i>бгдпт</i></span> ]
<td><span lang=BG><i> Мога да ям стъкло и не ме боли.</span></i>
<tr>
<td><b>Russian</b>:
<td><span lang=RU>[ бгдпт</span> ]
<td><span lang=RU>[ <i>бгдпт</i></span> ]
<td><span lang=RU><i>Я могу есть стекло, это мне не вредит.</i></span>
<tr>
<td><b>Serbian</b>:
<td><span lang=SR>[ бгдпт</span> ]
<td><span lang=SR>[ <i>бгдпт</i></span> ]
<td> <span lang=SR><i>Могу јести стакло
а
да ми
не
шкоди.</i></span>
</table>
</blockquote>
<p>
<h3><a name="credits"><hr>Credits, Tools, and Commentary</a></h3>
<dl>
<dt><b>Credits:</b></dt>
<dd>
The "I can eat glass" phrase and the initial collection of translations:
<a href="http://hcs.harvard.edu/~igp/glass.html">Ethan Mollick</a>.
Transcription / conversion to UTF-8: Frank da Cruz.
<b>Albanian:</b> Sindi Keesan.
<b>Afrikaans:</b> Johan Fourie.
<b>Anglo Saxon:</b> Frank da Cruz.
<b>Arabic:</b> Najib Tounsi.
<b>Armenian:</b> Vaçe Kundakçı.
<b>Belarusian:</b> Alexey Chernyak.
<b>Bengali:</b> Somnath Purkayastha, Deepayan Sarkar.
<b>Braille:</b> Frank da Cruz.
<b>Bulgarian:</b> Sindi Keesan, Guentcho Skordev, Vladimir Marinov.
<b>Cabo Verde Creole:</b> Cláudio Alexandre Duarte.
<b>Chinese:</b> Jack Soo, Wong Pui Lam.
<b>Cornish:</b> Chris Stephens.
<b>Croatian:</b> Marjan Baće.
<b>Czech:</b> Stanislav Pecha, Radovan Garabík.
<b>Dutch:</b> Peter Gotink. Pim Blokland, Rob Daniel.
<b>Esperanto:</b> Franko Luin, Radovan Garabík.
<b>Estonian:</b> Meelis Roos.
<b>Farsi/Persian:</b> Payam Elahi.
<b>Finnish:</b> Sampsa Toivanen.
<b>French:</b> Luc Carissimo, Anne Colin du Terrail.
<b>Galician:</b> Laura Probaos.
<b>Georgian:</b> Giorgi Lebanidze.
<b>German:</b> Christoph Päper, Otto Stolz, Karl Pentzlin,
Frank da Cruz.
<b>Gothic:</b> Aurélien Coudurier.
<b>Greek:</b> Ariel Glenn, Constantine Stathopoulos, Siva Nataraja.
<b>Hebrew:</b> Jonathan Rosenne, Tal Barnea.
<b>Hausa:</b> Malami Buba, Tom Gewecke.
<b>Hawaiian:</b> na Hauʻoli Motta, Anela de Rego, Kaliko Trapp.
<b>Hindi:</b> Shirish Kalele.
<b>Hungarian:</b> András Rácz, Mark Holczhammer.
<b>Icelandic:</b> Andrés Magnússon.
<b>International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA):</b> Siva Nataraja / Vincent Ramos.
<b>Irish:</b> Michael Everson, Marion Gunn, James Kass, Curtis Clark.
<b>Italian:</b> Thomas De Bellis.
<b>Japanese:</b> Makoto Takahashi, Yurio Miyazawa.
<b>Korean:</b> Jungshik Shin.
<b>Lëtzebuergescht:</b> Stefaan Eeckels.
<b>Lithuanian:</b> Gediminas Grigas.
<b>Lojban:</b> Edward Cherlin.
<b>Macedonian:</b> Sindi Keesan.
<b>Malay:</b> Zarina Mustapha.
<b>Manx:</b> Éanna Ó Brádaigh.
<b>Marathi:</b> Shirish Kalele.
<b>Marquesan:</b> Kaliko Trapp.
<b>Middle English:</b> Frank da Cruz.
<b>Milanese:</b> Marco Cimarosti.
<b>Mongolian:</b> Tom Gewecke.
<b>Navajo:</b> Tom Gewecke.
<a href="http://www.langmaker.com/db/mdl_nordicg.htm"><b>Nórdicg</b></a>:
Yẃlyan Rott.
<b>Norwegian:</b> Herman Ranes.
<b>Old Irish:</b> Michael Everson.
<b>Old Norse:</b> Andrés Magnússon.
<b>Papiamentu:</b> Bianca and Denise Zanardi.
<b>Pashto:</b> N.R. Liwal.
<b>Pfälzisch:</b> Dr. Johannes Sander.
<b>Picard:</b> Philippe Mennecier.
<b>Polish:</b> Juliusz Chroboczek.
<b>Portuguese:</b> "Cláudio" Alexandre Duarte, Bianca and Denise
Zanardi, Pedro Palhoto Matos.
<b>Québécois:</b> Laurent Detillieux.
<b>Roman:</b> Pierpaolo Bernardi.
<b>Romanian:</b> Juliusz Chroboczek, Ionel Mugurel.
<b>Ruhrdeutsch:</b> "Timwi".
<b>Russian:</b> Alexey Chernyak, Serge Nesterovitch.
<b>Sami:</b> Anne Colin du Terrail, Luc Carissimo.
<b>Sanskrit:</b> Siva Nataraja / Vincent Ramos.
<b>Sächsisch:</b> André Müller.
<b>Schwäbisch:</b> Otto Stolz.
<b>Scots:</b> Jonathan Riddell.
<b>Serbian:</b> Sindi Keesan, Ranko Narancic, Boris Daljevic, Szilvia Csorba.
<b>Slovak:</b> G. Adam Stanislav, Radovan Garabík.
<b>Slovenian:</b> Albert Kolar.
<b>Spanish:</b> Laura Probaos.
<b>Swedish:</b> Christian Rose.
<b>Taiwanese:</b> Henry H. Tan-Tenn.
<b>Tagalog:</b> Jim Soliven.
<b>Tamil:</b> Vasee Vaseeharan.
<b>Tibetan:</b> D. Germano, Tom Gewecke.
<b>Thai:</b> Alan Wood's wife.
<b>Turkish:</b> Vaçe Kundakçı, Tom Gewecke, Merlign Olnon.
<b>Ukrainian:</b> Michael Zajac.
<b>Urdu:</b> Mustafa Ali.
<a href="http://nomfoundation.org/"><b>Vietnamese</b></a>: Dixon Au,
[James] Đỗ Bá Phước
<font face="PMingLiU">杜 伯 福</font>.
<b>Walloon:</b> Pablo Saratxaga.
<b>Welsh:</b> Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru (Andrew).
<b>Yiddish:</b> Mark David,
<b>Zeneise:</b> Angelo Pavese.
<p>
<dt><b>Tools Used to Create This Web Page:</b></dt>
<dd>The UTF8-aware <a href="k95.html">Kermit 95</a> terminal emulator on
Windows, to a Unix host with the <a
href="http://www.gnu.org/directory/emacs.html">EMACS</a> text editor. Kermit
95 displays UTF-8 and also allows keyboard entry of arbitrary Unicode BMP
characters as 4 hex digits, as shown <a href="glass.html">HERE</a>. Hex codes
for Unicode values can be found in <a
href="http://www.unicode.org/unicode/uni2book/u2.html">The Unicode
Standard</a> (recommended) and the <a
href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/">online code charts</a>. When
submissions arrive by email encoded in some other character set (Latin-1,
Latin-2, KOI, various PC code pages, JEUC, etc), I use the TRANSLATE command
of <a href="ckermit.html">C-Kermit</a> on the Unix host (<a
href="safe.html">where I read my mail</a>) to convert the character set to
UTF-8 (I could also use Kermit 95 for this; it has the same TRANSLATE
command). That's it -- no "Web authoring" tools, no locales, no "smart"
anything. It's just plain text, nothing more. By the way, there's nothing
special about EMACS -- any text editor will do, providing it allows entry of
arbitrary 8-bit bytes as text, including the 0x80-0x9F "C1" range. EMACS 21.1
actually supports UTF-8; earlier versions don't know about it and display the
octal codes; either way is OK for this purpose.
<p>
<dt><b>Commentary:</b>
<dd>Date: Wed, 27 Feb 2002 13:21:59 +0100<br>
From: "Bruno DEDOMINICIS" <tt><b.dedominicis@cite-sciences.fr></tt><br>
Subject: Je peux manger du verre, cela ne me fait pas mal.
<p>
I just found out your website and it makes me feel like proposing an
interpretation of the choice of this peculiar phrase.
<p>
Glass is transparent and can hurt as everyone knows. The relation between
people and civilisations is sometimes effusional and more often rude. The
concept of breaking frontiers through globalization, in a way, is also an
attempt to deny any difference. Isn't "transparency" the flag of modernity?
Nothing should be hidden any more, authority is obsolete, and the new powers
are supposed to reign through loving and smiling and no more through
coercion...
<p>
Eating glass without pain sounds like a very nice metaphor of this attempt.
That is, frontiers should become glass transparent first, and be denied by
incorporating them. On the reverse, it shows that through globalization,
frontiers undergo a process of displacement, that is, when they are not any
more speakable, they become repressed from the speech and are therefore
incorporated and might become painful symptoms, as for example what happens
when one tries to eat glass.
<p>
The frontiers that used to separate bodies one from another tend to divide
bodies from within and make them suffer.... The chosen phrase then appears
as a denial of the symptom that might result from the destitution of
traditional frontiers.
<p>
Best,<br>
Bruno De Dominicis, Paris, France
</dl>
<p>
<b>Other Unicode pages onsite:</b>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.columbia.edu/~fdc/pace/">Peace in All Languages</a>
<li><a href="postal.html">Frank's Compulsive Guide to Postal Addresses</a>
(especially the <a href="postal.html#index">Index</a>)
<li><a href="st-erkenwald.html">Representing Middle English on the Web with UTF-8</a>
<li><a href="biblio.html">The Kermit Bibliography</a> (in UTF-8)
<li><a href="accents.html">Interchange of Non-English Computer Text</a>
(UTF-8 math and box-drawing)
<li><a href="utf8-t1.html">UTF-8 Table</a>
</ul>
<p>
<b>Unicode samplers offsite:</b>
<ul>
<li>Michael Everson's
<a href="http://www.evertype.com/scriptbib.html">Bibliography of Typography
and Scripts</a>
<li><a href="http://crism.maden.org/dunno.html">I don't know, I only work here</a>
<li><a href="http://www.trigeminal.com/samples/provincial.html">Anyone
can be provincial!</a>
<li><a href="http://www.macchiato.com/unicode/Unicode_transcriptions.html">Transcriptions of "Unicode"</a>
<li><a href="http://www.i18nguy.com/unicode-example.html">Example
Unicode Usage for Business Applications</a>
<li><a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/unicode.html#apps">UTF-8 and
Unicode FAQ for Unix/Linux</a>
</ul>
<p>
<b>Unicode fonts:</b>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/fonts.html">Unicode Fonts
for Windows Computers</a> (Alan Wood)
<li><a href="http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mgk25/ucs-fonts.html">Unicode Fonts and
Tools for X11</a> (Markus Kuhn)
<li><a href="http://www.evertype.com/emono/">Everson Mono</a> (Michael
Everson)
<li><a href="http://www.monotype.com">Agfa Monotype</a>
</ul>
<p>
[ <a href="k95.html">Kermit 95</a> ]
[ <a href="glass.html">K95 Screen Shots</a> ]
[ <a href="ckermit.html">C-Kermit</a> ]
[ <a href="index.html">Kermit Home</a> ]
[ <a href="http://www.unicode.org/help/display_problems.html">Display Problems?</a> ]
[ <a href="http://www.unicode.org">The Unicode Consortium</a> ]
<hr>
<ADDRESS>
UTF-8 Sampler / <a href="index.html">The Kermit Project</a> /
<a href="http://www.columbia.edu">Columbia University</a> /
<a href="mailto:kermit@columbia.edu">kermit@columbia.edu</a> /
14 Feb 2004
</ADDRESS>
</body>
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