/* Support for thread pools ... like threadgroups, but lighter.
 * 
 * 18/3/10
 * 	- from threadgroup.c
 * 	- distributed work allocation idea from Christian Blenia, thank you
 * 	  very much
 * 21/3/10
 * 	- progress feedback
 * 	- only expose VipsThreadState
 * 11/5/10
 * 	- argh, stopping many threads could sometimes leave allocated work
 * 	  undone
 * 17/7/10
 * 	- set pool->error whenever we set thr->error, lets us catch allocate
 * 	  errors (thanks Tim)
 * 25/7/14
 * 	- limit nthr on tiny images
 * 6/3/17
 * 	- remove single-thread-first-request thing, new seq system makes it
 * 	  unnecessary
 * 23/4/17
 * 	- add ->stall
 * 	- don't depend on image width when setting n_lines
 * 27/2/19 jtorresfabra
 * 	- free threadpool earlier 
 */

/*

    This file is part of VIPS.
    
    VIPS is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
    it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
    (at your option) any later version.

    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
    GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.

    You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
    Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
    02110-1301  USA

 */

/*

    These files are distributed with VIPS - http://www.vips.ecs.soton.ac.uk

 */

/* 
#define VIPS_DEBUG
#define VIPS_DEBUG_RED
 */

#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
#include <config.h>
#endif /*HAVE_CONFIG_H*/
#include <glib/gi18n-lib.h>

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
#include <unistd.h>
#endif /*HAVE_UNISTD_H*/
#include <errno.h>

#include <vips/vips.h>
#include <vips/internal.h>
#include <vips/thread.h>
#include <vips/debug.h>

#ifdef G_OS_WIN32
#include <windows.h>
#endif /*G_OS_WIN32*/

/**
 * SECTION: threadpool
 * @short_description: pools of worker threads 
 * @stability: Stable
 * @see_also: <link linkend="libvips-generate">generate</link>
 * @include: vips/vips.h
 * @title: VipsThreadpool
 *
 * vips_threadpool_run() loops a set of threads over an image. Threads take it
 * in turns to allocate units of work (a unit might be a tile in an image),
 * then run in parallel to process those units. An optional progress function
 * can be used to give feedback.
 */

/* Set to stall threads for debugging.
 */
static gboolean vips__stall = FALSE;

/* The global threadset we run workers in.
 */
static VipsThreadset *vips__threadset = NULL;

/* Set this GPrivate to link a thread back to its VipsWorker struct.
 */
static GPrivate *worker_key = NULL;

/* Maximum value we allow for VIPS_CONCURRENCY. We need to stop huge values
 * killing the system.
 */
#define MAX_THREADS (1024)

/* Start up threadpools. This is called during vips_init.
 */
void
vips__threadpool_init( void )
{
	static GPrivate private = { 0 }; 

	/* 3 is the useful minimum, and huge values can crash the machine.
	 */
	const char *max_threads_env = g_getenv( "VIPS_MAX_THREADS" );
	int max_threads = max_threads_env ? 
		VIPS_CLIP( 3, atoi( max_threads_env ), MAX_THREADS ) : 
		0;

	worker_key = &private;

	if( g_getenv( "VIPS_STALL" ) )
		vips__stall = TRUE;

	/* max_threads > 0 will create a set of threads on startup. This is
	 * necessary for wasm, but may break on systems that try to fork()
	 * after init.
	 */
	vips__threadset = vips_threadset_new( max_threads );
}

void
vips__threadpool_shutdown( void )
{
	VIPS_FREEF( vips_threadset_free, vips__threadset );
}

/**
 * vips__thread_execute:
 * @name: a name for the thread
 * @func: a function to execute in the global threadset
 * @data: an argument to supply to @func
 *
 * A newly created or reused thread will execute @func with the
 * argument @data.
 *
 * Returns: 0 on success, -1 on error.
 */
int
vips__thread_execute( const char *domain, GFunc func, gpointer data )
{
	return( vips_threadset_run( vips__threadset, domain, func, data ) );
}

G_DEFINE_TYPE( VipsThreadState, vips_thread_state, VIPS_TYPE_OBJECT );

static void
vips_thread_state_dispose( GObject *gobject )
{
	VipsThreadState *state = (VipsThreadState *) gobject;

	VIPS_DEBUG_MSG( "vips_thread_state_dispose:\n" );

	VIPS_UNREF( state->reg );

	G_OBJECT_CLASS( vips_thread_state_parent_class )->dispose( gobject );
}

static int
vips_thread_state_build( VipsObject *object )
{
	VipsThreadState *state = (VipsThreadState *) object;

	if( !(state->reg = vips_region_new( state->im )) )
		return( -1 );

	return( VIPS_OBJECT_CLASS( 
		vips_thread_state_parent_class )->build( object ) );
}

static void
vips_thread_state_class_init( VipsThreadStateClass *class )
{
	GObjectClass *gobject_class = G_OBJECT_CLASS( class );
	VipsObjectClass *object_class = VIPS_OBJECT_CLASS( class );

	gobject_class->dispose = vips_thread_state_dispose;

	object_class->build = vips_thread_state_build;
	object_class->nickname = "threadstate";
	object_class->description = _( "per-thread state for vipsthreadpool" );
}

static void
vips_thread_state_init( VipsThreadState *state )
{
	VIPS_DEBUG_MSG( "vips_thread_state_init:\n" );

	state->reg = NULL;
	state->stop = FALSE;
	state->stall = FALSE;
}

void *
vips_thread_state_set( VipsObject *object, void *a, void *b )
{
	VipsThreadState *state = (VipsThreadState *) object;
	VipsImage *im = (VipsImage *) a;

	VIPS_DEBUG_MSG( "vips_thread_state_set: image %p\n", im );

	state->im = im;
	state->a = b;

	return( NULL );
}

VipsThreadState *
vips_thread_state_new( VipsImage *im, void *a )
{
	VIPS_DEBUG_MSG( "vips_thread_state_new: image %p\n", im );

	return( VIPS_THREAD_STATE( vips_object_new( 
		VIPS_TYPE_THREAD_STATE, vips_thread_state_set, im, a ) ) );
}

/* What we track for each thread in the pool.
 */
typedef struct _VipsWorker {
	/*< private >*/
	struct _VipsThreadpool *pool; /* Pool we are part of */

	VipsThreadState *state;

	gboolean stop;

} VipsWorker;

/* What we track for a group of threads working together.
 */
typedef struct _VipsThreadpool {
	/*< private >*/
	VipsImage *im;		/* Image we are calculating */

	/* Start a thread, do a unit of work (runs in parallel) and allocate 
	 * a unit of work (serial). Plus the mutex we use to serialize work 
	 * allocation.
	 */
	VipsThreadStartFn start; 
	VipsThreadpoolAllocateFn allocate;
	VipsThreadpoolWorkFn work;
	GMutex *allocate_lock;
	void *a; 		/* User argument to start / allocate / etc. */

	int max_workers;	/* Max number of workers in pool */

	/* The number of workers in the pool (as a negative number, so
	 * -4 means 4 workers are running).
	 */
	VipsSemaphore n_workers;

	/* Workers up this for every loop to make the main thread tick.
	 */
	VipsSemaphore tick;

	/* The number of workers queueing up on allocate_lock. Use this to
	 * grow and shrink the threadpool.
	 */
	int n_waiting;

	/* Set this to abort evaluation early with an error.
	 */
	gboolean error;		

	/* Ask threads to exit, either set by allocate, or on free.
	 */
	gboolean stop;

	/* Set this and the next worker to see it will clear the flag and exit
	 * (used to downsize the threadpool).
	 */
	int exit;
} VipsThreadpool;

static int
vips_worker_allocate( VipsWorker *worker )
{
	VipsThreadpool *pool = worker->pool;

	g_assert( !pool->stop );

	if( !worker->state &&
		!(worker->state = pool->start( pool->im, pool->a )) ) 
		return( -1 );

	if( pool->allocate( worker->state, pool->a, &pool->stop ) ) 
		return( -1 );

	return( 0 );
}

/* Run this once per main loop. Get some work (single-threaded), then do it
 * (many-threaded).
 *
 * The very first workunit is also executed single-threaded. This gives
 * loaders a change to seek to the correct spot, see vips_sequential().
 */
static void
vips_worker_work_unit( VipsWorker *worker )
{
	VipsThreadpool *pool = worker->pool;

	VIPS_GATE_START( "vips_worker_work_unit: wait" ); 

	vips__worker_lock( pool->allocate_lock );

	VIPS_GATE_STOP( "vips_worker_work_unit: wait" ); 

	/* Has another worker signaled stop while we've been waiting?
	 */
	if( pool->stop ) {
		worker->stop = TRUE;
		g_mutex_unlock( pool->allocate_lock );
		return;
	}

	/* Has a thread been asked to exit? Volunteer if yes.
	 */
	if( g_atomic_int_add( &pool->exit, -1 ) > 0 ) {
		/* A thread had been asked to exit, and we've grabbed the
		 * flag.
		 */
		worker->stop = TRUE;
		g_mutex_unlock( pool->allocate_lock );
		return;
	}
	else {
		/* No one had been asked to exit and we've mistakenly taken 
		 * the exit count below zero. Put it back up again.
		 */
		g_atomic_int_add( &pool->exit, 1 );
	}

	if( vips_worker_allocate( worker ) ) {
		pool->error = TRUE;
		worker->stop = TRUE;
		g_mutex_unlock( pool->allocate_lock );
		return;
	}

	/* Have we just signalled stop?
	 */
	if( pool->stop ) {
		worker->stop = TRUE;
		g_mutex_unlock( pool->allocate_lock );
		return;
	}

	g_mutex_unlock( pool->allocate_lock );

	if( worker->state->stall &&
		vips__stall ) { 
		/* Sleep for 0.5s. Handy for stressing the seq system. Stall
		 * is set by allocate funcs in various places. 
		 */
		g_usleep( 500000 ); 
		worker->state->stall = FALSE;
		printf( "vips_worker_work_unit: stall done, "
			"releasing y = %d ...\n", worker->state->y ); 
	}

	/* Process a work unit.
	 */
	if( pool->work( worker->state, pool->a ) ) {
		worker->stop = TRUE;
		pool->error = TRUE;
	}
}

/* What runs as a thread ... loop, waiting to be told to do stuff.
 */
static void
vips_thread_main_loop( void *a, void *b )
{
	VipsWorker *worker = (VipsWorker *) a;
	VipsThreadpool *pool = worker->pool;

	g_assert( pool == worker->pool );

	VIPS_GATE_START( "vips_thread_main_loop: thread" ); 

	g_private_set( worker_key, worker );

	/* Process work units! Always tick, even if we are stopping, so the
	 * main thread will wake up for exit. 
	 */
	while( !pool->stop && 
		!worker->stop && 
		!pool->error ) {
		VIPS_GATE_START( "vips_worker_work_unit: u" ); 
		vips_worker_work_unit( worker );
		VIPS_GATE_STOP( "vips_worker_work_unit: u" );
		vips_semaphore_up( &pool->tick );
	} 

	VIPS_GATE_STOP( "vips_thread_main_loop: thread" ); 

	/* unreffing the worker state will trigger stop in the threadstate, so
	 * we need to single-thread.
	 */
	g_mutex_lock( pool->allocate_lock );

	VIPS_FREEF( g_object_unref, worker->state );

	g_mutex_unlock( pool->allocate_lock );

	VIPS_FREE( worker );
	g_private_set( worker_key, NULL );

	/* We are done: tell the main thread.
	 */
	vips_semaphore_upn( &pool->n_workers, 1 );
}

/* Attach another thread to a threadpool.
 */
static int
vips_worker_new( VipsThreadpool *pool )
{
	VipsWorker *worker;

	if( !(worker = VIPS_NEW( NULL, VipsWorker )) )
		return( -1 );
	worker->pool = pool;
	worker->state = NULL;

	/* We can't build the state here, it has to be done by the worker
	 * itself the first time that allocate runs so that any regions are 
	 * owned by the correct thread.
	 */

	if( vips__thread_execute( "worker", 
		vips_thread_main_loop, worker ) ) {
		g_free( worker );
		return( -1 );
	}

	/* One more worker in the pool.
	 */
	vips_semaphore_upn( &pool->n_workers, -1 );

	return( 0 );
}

void
vips__worker_lock( GMutex *mutex )
{
	VipsWorker *worker = (VipsWorker *) g_private_get( worker_key );

	if( worker )
		g_atomic_int_add( &worker->pool->n_waiting, 1 );
	g_mutex_lock( mutex );
	if( worker )
		g_atomic_int_add( &worker->pool->n_waiting, -1 );
}

static void
vips_threadpool_free( VipsThreadpool *pool )
{
	VIPS_DEBUG_MSG( "vips_threadpool_free: \"%s\" (%p)\n", 
		pool->im->filename, pool );

	/* Wait for them all to exit.
	 */
	pool->stop = TRUE;
	vips_semaphore_downn( &pool->n_workers, 0 );

	VIPS_FREEF( vips_g_mutex_free, pool->allocate_lock );
	vips_semaphore_destroy( &pool->n_workers );
	vips_semaphore_destroy( &pool->tick );
	VIPS_FREE( pool );
}

static VipsThreadpool *
vips_threadpool_new( VipsImage *im )
{
	VipsThreadpool *pool;
	int tile_width;
	int tile_height;
	gint64 n_tiles;
	int n_lines;

	/* Allocate and init new thread block.
	 */
	if( !(pool = VIPS_NEW( NULL, VipsThreadpool )) )
		return( NULL );
	pool->im = im;
	pool->allocate = NULL;
	pool->work = NULL;
	pool->allocate_lock = vips_g_mutex_new();
	pool->max_workers = vips_concurrency_get();
	vips_semaphore_init( &pool->n_workers, 0, "n_workers" );
	vips_semaphore_init( &pool->tick, 0, "tick" );
	pool->error = FALSE;
	pool->stop = FALSE;
	pool->exit = 0;

	/* If this is a tiny image, we won't need all max_workers threads. 
	 * Guess how
	 * many tiles we might need to cover the image and use that to limit
	 * the number of threads we create.
	 */
	vips_get_tile_size( im, &tile_width, &tile_height, &n_lines );
	n_tiles = (1 + (gint64) im->Xsize / tile_width) * 
		(1 + (gint64) im->Ysize / tile_height);
	n_tiles = VIPS_CLIP( 1, n_tiles, 1024 ); 
	pool->max_workers = VIPS_MIN( pool->max_workers, n_tiles ); 

	/* VIPS_META_CONCURRENCY on the image can optionally override 
	 * concurrency.
	 */
	pool->max_workers = vips_image_get_concurrency( im, pool->max_workers );

	VIPS_DEBUG_MSG( "vips_threadpool_new: "
		"\"%s\" (%p), with %d threads\n", 
		im->filename, pool, pool->max_workers );

	return( pool );
}

/**
 * VipsThreadpoolStartFn:
 * @a: client data
 * @b: client data
 * @c: client data
 *
 * This function is called once by each worker just before the first time work
 * is allocated to it to build the per-thread state. Per-thread state is used
 * by #VipsThreadpoolAllocate and #VipsThreadpoolWork to communicate.
 *
 * #VipsThreadState is a subclass of #VipsObject. Start functions are called
 * from allocate, that is, they are single-threaded.
 *
 * See also: vips_threadpool_run().
 *
 * Returns: a new #VipsThreadState object, or NULL on error
 */

/**
 * VipsThreadpoolAllocateFn:
 * @state: per-thread state
 * @a: client data
 * @b: client data
 * @c: client data
 * @stop: set this to signal end of computation
 *
 * This function is called to allocate a new work unit for the thread. It is
 * always single-threaded, so it can modify per-pool state (such as a
 * counter). 
 *
 * @a, @b, @c are the values supplied to the call to 
 * vips_threadpool_run().
 *
 * It should set @stop to %TRUE to indicate that no work could be allocated
 * because the job is done.
 *
 * See also: vips_threadpool_run().
 *
 * Returns: 0 on success, or -1 on error
 */

/**
 * VipsThreadpoolWorkFn:
 * @state: per-thread state
 * @a: client data
 * @b: client data
 * @c: client data
 *
 * This function is called to process a work unit. Many copies of this can run
 * at once, so it should not write to the per-pool state. It can write to
 * per-thread state.
 *
 * @a, @b, @c are the values supplied to the call to 
 * vips_threadpool_run().
 *
 * See also: vips_threadpool_run().
 *
 * Returns: 0 on success, or -1 on error
 */

/**
 * VipsThreadpoolProgressFn:
 * @a: client data
 * @b: client data
 * @c: client data
 *
 * This function is called by the main thread once for every work unit
 * processed. It can be used to give the user progress feedback.
 *
 * See also: vips_threadpool_run().
 *
 * Returns: 0 on success, or -1 on error
 */

/**
 * vips_threadpool_run:
 * @im: image to loop over
 * @start: allocate per-thread state
 * @allocate: allocate a work unit
 * @work: process a work unit
 * @progress: give progress feedback about a work unit, or %NULL
 * @a: client data
 *
 * This function runs a set of threads over an image. Each thread first calls
 * @start to create new per-thread state, then runs
 * @allocate to set up a new work unit (perhaps the next tile in an image, for
 * example), then @work to process that work unit. After each unit is
 * processed, @progress is called, so that the operation can give
 * progress feedback. @progress may be %NULL.
 *
 * The object returned by @start must be an instance of a subclass of
 * #VipsThreadState. Use this to communicate between @allocate and @work. 
 *
 * @allocate and @start are always single-threaded (so they can write to the 
 * per-pool state), whereas @work can be executed concurrently. @progress is 
 * always called by 
 * the main thread (ie. the thread which called vips_threadpool_run()).
 *
 * See also: vips_concurrency_set().
 *
 * Returns: 0 on success, or -1 on error.
 */
int
vips_threadpool_run( VipsImage *im, 
	VipsThreadStartFn start, 
	VipsThreadpoolAllocateFn allocate, 
	VipsThreadpoolWorkFn work,
	VipsThreadpoolProgressFn progress, 
	void *a )
{
	VipsThreadpool *pool; 
	int result;
	int n_waiting;
	int n_working;

	if( !(pool = vips_threadpool_new( im )) )
		return( -1 );

	pool->start = start;
	pool->allocate = allocate;
	pool->work = work;
	pool->a = a;

	/* Start with half of the max number of threads, then let it drift up
	 * and down with load.
	 */
	for( n_working = 0; n_working < 1 + pool->max_workers / 2; n_working++ )
		if( vips_worker_new( pool ) ) {
			vips_threadpool_free( pool );
			return( -1 );
		}

	for(;;) {
		/* Wait for a tick from a worker.
		 */
		vips_semaphore_down( &pool->tick );

		VIPS_DEBUG_MSG( "vips_threadpool_run: tick\n" );

		if( pool->stop || 
			pool->error )
			break;

		if( progress &&
			progress( pool->a ) ) 
			pool->error = TRUE;

		if( pool->stop || 
			pool->error )
			break;

		n_waiting = g_atomic_int_get( &pool->n_waiting );
		VIPS_DEBUG_MSG( "n_waiting = %d\n", n_waiting );
		VIPS_DEBUG_MSG( "n_working = %d\n", n_working );
		VIPS_DEBUG_MSG( "exit = %d\n", pool->exit );

		if( n_waiting > 3 &&
			n_working > 1 ) {
			VIPS_DEBUG_MSG( "shrinking thread pool\n" );
			g_atomic_int_add( &pool->exit, 1 );
			n_working -= 1;
		}
		else if( n_waiting < 2 &&
			n_working < pool->max_workers ) {
			VIPS_DEBUG_MSG( "expanding thread pool\n" );
			if( vips_worker_new( pool ) ) {
				vips_threadpool_free( pool );
				return( -1 );
			}
			n_working += 1;
		}
	}

	/*
	if( !vips_image_get_concurrency( im, 0 ) )
		printf( "vips_threadpool_run: "
			"finished with %d workers in pool\n", n_working );
	 */

	/* Return 0 for success.
	 */
	result = pool->error ? -1 : 0;

	vips_threadpool_free( pool );

	vips_image_minimise_all( im );

	return( result );
}