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</style><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="../../../StyleSheets/TR/W3C-REC.css"></head><body><div><p>The presentation of this document has been augmented to
identify changes since the first edition of the MathML 2.0 Recommendation.
Three kinds of changes
are highlighted: <span class="diff-add">new, added text</span>,
<span class="diff-chg">changed text</span>, and
<span class="diff-del">deleted text</span>.</p><hr></div><div class="head"><p><a href="http://www.w3.org/"><img src="../../../Icons/w3c_home" alt="W3C" height="48" width="72"></a></p>
<h1><a name="title" id="title"></a>Mathematical Markup Language (MathML) Version 2.0 (Second Edition)</h1>
<h2><a name="w3c-doctype" id="w3c-doctype"></a>W3C Recommendation 21 October 2003</h2><dl><dt>This version:</dt><dd>
<a href="index.html">http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-MathML2-20031021/</a>
</dd><dt>Latest MathML 2 version:</dt><dd>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/">http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML2/</a>
</dd><dt>Latest MathML Recommendation:</dt><dd>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML/">http://www.w3.org/TR/MathML/</a>
</dd><dt>Previous version:</dt><dd>
<a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/PER-MathML2-20030804/">http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/PER-MathML2-20030804/</a>
</dd><dt>Editors:</dt><dd>David Carlisle, NAG</dd><dd>Patrick Ion, Mathematical Reviews, American Mathematical Society</dd><dd>Robert Miner, Design Science, Inc.</dd><dd>Nico Poppelier, Penta Scope</dd><dt>Principal Authors:</dt><dd>Ron Ausbrooks, Stephen Buswell, David Carlisle, Stéphane Dalmas, Stan Devitt, Angel Diaz, <span class="diff-add">Max Froumentin, </span>Roger Hunter, Patrick Ion, <span class="diff-add">Michael Kohlhase, </span>Robert Miner, Nico Poppelier, Bruce Smith, Neil Soiffer, Robert Sutor, Stephen Watt</dd></dl><p>Please refer to the <a href="http://www.w3.org/2003/06/mathml2e2-errata.html"><strong>errata</strong></a>
for this document, which may include some normative corrections.</p><p>In addition to the <a href="overview.html">HTML</a> version, this document is also available in these non-normative formats: <a href="overview-d.html">diff marked HTML version</a>, <a href="overview.xml">XHTML+MathML version</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-MathML2-20031021/mathml-p.pdf">PDF (paper formatted) version</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-MathML2-20031021/mathml-s.pdf">PDF (screen formatted) version</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-MathML2-20031021/mathml-source.zip">zip archive of XML sources and stylesheets</a>, and <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/2003/REC-MathML2-20031021/mathml-html.zip">zip archive of (X)HTML documents</a>.</p><p>See also <a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/02/MathML2-translations"><strong>translations</strong></a>.</p><p class="copyright"><a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">
Copyright</a> © 1998-2003 <a href="http://www.w3.org/"><acronym title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</acronym></a><sup>®</sup> (<a href="http://www.lcs.mit.edu/"><acronym title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</acronym></a>, <a href="http://www.ercim.org/"><acronym title="European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics">ERCIM</acronym></a>, <a href="http://www.keio.ac.jp/">Keio</a>), All Rights Reserved. W3C <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Legal_Disclaimer">liability</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#W3C_Trademarks">trademark</a>, <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-documents">document use</a> and <a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/copyright-software">software licensing</a> rules apply.</p></div><hr><div>
<h2><a name="abstract" id="abstract"></a>Abstract</h2><p>This specification defines the Mathematical Markup Language, or <a name="td-mathml" id="td-mathml"></a>MathML. MathML is an XML application
for describing mathematical notation and capturing both its structure and
content. The goal of MathML is to enable mathematics to be served,
received, and processed on the World Wide Web, just as <a name="td-html" id="td-html"></a>HTML has enabled this functionality for
text.</p><p>This specification of the markup language MathML is intended
primarily for a readership consisting of those who will be developing
or implementing renderers or editors using it, or software that will
communicate using MathML as a protocol for input or output. It is
<em>not</em> a User's Guide but rather a reference document.</p><p>This document begins with background information on mathematical
notation, the problems it poses, and the philosophy underlying the
solutions MathML 2.0 proposes. MathML can be used to encode both
mathematical notation and mathematical content. About thirty of the
MathML tags describe abstract notational structures, while another
about one hundred and fifty provide a way of unambiguously specifying
the intended meaning of an expression. Additional chapters discuss how
the MathML content and presentation elements interact, and how MathML
renderers might be implemented and should interact with
browsers. Finally, this document addresses the issue of MathML
characters and their relation to fonts.</p><p>While MathML is human-readable, it is anticipated that, in all but
the simplest cases, authors will use equation editors, conversion
programs, and other specialized software tools to generate
MathML. Several <span class="diff-del">early <a href="appendixj-d.html#d0e55048"><sub class="diff-link">J</sub></a></span>versions of such MathML tools already exist, and
a number of others, both freely available software and commercial
products, are under development.</p></div><div>
<h2><a name="status" id="status"></a>Status of this Document</h2><div class="diff-chg"><p><em> This section describes the status of this document at the time
of its publication. Other documents may supersede this document. A
list of current W3C publications and the latest revision of this
technical report can be found in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">W3C technical reports index</a> at
http://www.w3.org/TR/.</em></p><a href="appendixj-d.html#d0e55048"><sub class="diff-link">J</sub></a></div><p>
This <span class="diff-add">is a revised edition of a<a href="appendixj-d.html#d0e55048"><sub class="diff-link">J</sub></a></span> document
<span class="diff-add">that<a href="appendixj-d.html#d0e55048"><sub class="diff-link">J</sub></a></span> has been reviewed by W3C Members and other interested
parties and has been endorsed by the Director as a
<a href="http://www.w3.org/2003/06/Process-20030618/tr.html#RecsW3C">W3C
Recommendation</a>.
<span class="diff-del">It
is a stable document and may be used as reference
material or cited as a normative reference from another
document. W3C's role in making the Recommendation is to draw attention
to the specification and to promote its widespread deployment. This
enhances the functionality and interoperability of the Web.<a href="appendixj-d.html#d0e55048"><sub class="diff-link">J</sub></a></span>
</p><p>
This document has been produced by the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Math/">W3C Math Working Group</a> as part of
<span class="diff-chg">W3C <a href="http://www.w3.org/Math/Activity">Math
Activity</a>.
The goals of the W3C Math Working Group are
discussed in the <a href="http://www.w3.org/Math/Documents/Charter2001.html"> W3C Math WG
Charter</a> (revised February 2000 and June 2001 from the original of 11
June 1998)<a href="appendixj-d.html#d0e55048"><sub class="diff-link">J</sub></a></span>. A list of <a href="appendixi-d.html">participants in the W3C Math Working Group</a>
is available.
</p><div class="diff-chg"><p> The MathML 2.0 (Second Edition) specification was reviewed extensively during its development,
as provided by the W3C Process. During that period the W3C Math Working
Group participants encouraged implementation using the specification and comment on
it; a report on <a href="http://www.w3.org/Math/iandi/">Implementation and
Interoperability</a> experiences and issues has been made public. It is
intended that this will be updated from time to time by the continuing work of the
W3C that oversees the MathML 2.0 Recommendation. The W3C Math Activity
maintains a public Web page <a href="http://www.w3.org/Math/">http://www.w3.org/Math/</a>
which contains further background information.
</p><a href="appendixj-d.html#d0e55048"><sub class="diff-link">J</sub></a></div><div class="diff-add"><p>
The preparation of a Second Edition of the MathML 2.0 Specification
allows the revision of that document to provide a coherent whole
containing corrections to all the known errata and clarifications of
some smaller issues that proved problematic. It is not the occasion
for any fundamental changes in the language MathML 2.0. To clarify this a
<a href="overview-d.html">diff-marked HTML version</a> of this Second Edition
is made available.
</p><a href="appendixj-d.html#d0e55048"><sub class="diff-link">J</sub></a></div><p>Public discussion of MathML and issues of support through the W3C
for mathematics on the Web takes place on <a href="mailto:www-math@w3.org"> the public mailing list of the Math Working
Group</a> (<a href="http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-math/">list archives</a>).
To subscribe send an email to <a href="mailto:www-math-request@w3.org">www-math-request@w3.org</a>
with the word <code>subscribe</code> in the subject line.
</p><p>
Please report errors in this document to <a href="mailto:www-math@w3.org">www-math@w3.org</a>.
<span class="diff-del">The list of known errors in
this document is available at
<a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/02/MathML2-errata">http://www.w3.org/2001/02/MathML2-errata</a>.<a href="appendixj-d.html#d0e55048"><sub class="diff-link">J</sub></a></span>
</p><div class="diff-del"><p>
The English version of this specification is the only normative
version. Information about translations of this document is available
at <a href="http://www.w3.org/2001/02/MathML2-translations">http://www.w3.org/2001/02/MathML2-translations</a>.
</p><a href="appendixj-d.html#d0e55048"><sub class="diff-link">J</sub></a></div><div class="diff-del"><p>The MathML 2.0 Recommendation is made available in different formats.
In case of a discrepancy between any of the derived forms and that found
in the W3C's archive of Recommendations the definitive version is
naturally the archived Recommendation.
</p><a href="appendixj-d.html#d0e55048"><sub class="diff-link">J</sub></a></div><div class="diff-del"><p>
A list of all current W3C Technical Reports can be found at <a href="http://www.w3.org/TR/">http://www.w3.org/TR</a>.
</p><a href="appendixj-d.html#d0e55048"><sub class="diff-link">J</sub></a></div><div class="diff-add"><p>
Patent disclosures relevant to this specification may be found on
the Math Working Group's <a href="http://www.w3.org/Math/Disclosures">patent
disclosure page</a>.
</p><a href="appendixj-d.html#d0e55048"><sub class="diff-link">J</sub></a></div><p><span class="diff-add">The basic structure of this document is the same as that of
the earlier MathML 2.0 Recommendation <a href="appendixk-d.html#MathML2">[MathML2]</a>, with
the addition of an index in the new Appendix L.
MathML 2.0 itself was a revision of the earlier W3C Recommendation MathML 1.01
<a href="appendixk-d.html#MathML1">[MathML1]</a>. It differed from it in that all chapters were updated and
two new ones and some appendices were added.<a href="appendixj-d.html#d0e55048"><sub class="diff-link">J</sub></a></span>
</p><div class="diff-chg"><p>Since MathML 1.01,
Chapters 1 and 2, which are introductory material, have been revised
to reflect the changes elsewhere in the document, and in the rapidly
evolving Web environment. Chapters 3 and 4 have been extended to
describe new functionalities added as well as smaller improvements of
material already proposed. Chapter 5 has been newly written to reflect
changes in the technology available. The major tables in Chapter 6
have been regenerated and reorganized to reflect an improved list of
characters useful for mathematics, and the text revised to reflect the
new situation in regard to Unicode. Chapter 7 has been completely
revised since Web technology has changed. A new Chapter 8 on the DOM for
MathML 2.0 has been added; the latter points to new appendices D and E for
detailed listings.</p><a href="appendixj-d.html#d0e55048"><sub class="diff-link">J</sub></a></div><div class="diff-chg"><p>The appendices have been reorganized into normative and
non-normative groups. The material in Appendices D, E, G and L
was not present in MathML 1.01.
</p><a href="appendixj-d.html#d0e55048"><sub class="diff-link">J</sub></a></div></div><div class="toc">
<h2><a name="contents" id="contents"></a>Table of Contents</h2><p class="toc">1 <a href="chapter1-d.html">Introduction</a><br> 1.1 <a href="chapter1-d.html#intro.notation">Mathematics and its Notation</a><br> 1.2 <a href="chapter1-d.html#intro.origin">Origins and Goals</a><br> 1.2.1 <a href="chapter1-d.html#id.1.2.1">The History of MathML</a><br> 1.2.2 <a href="chapter1-d.html#id.1.2.2">Limitations of HTML</a><br> 1.2.3 <a href="chapter1-d.html#id.1.2.3">Requirements for Mathematics Markup</a><br> 1.2.4 <a href="chapter1-d.html#intro.goals">Design Goals of MathML</a><br> 1.3 <a href="chapter1-d.html#intro.role">The Role of MathML on the Web</a><br> 1.3.1 <a href="chapter1-d.html#id.1.3.1">Layered Design of Mathematical Web Services</a><br> 1.3.2 <a href="chapter1-d.html#id.1.3.2">Relation to Other Web Technology</a><br>2 <a href="chapter2-d.html">MathML Fundamentals</a><br> 2.1 <a href="chapter2-d.html#fund.overview">MathML Overview</a><br> 2.1.1 <a href="chapter2-d.html#id.2.1.1">Taxonomy of MathML Elements</a><br> 2.1.2 <a href="chapter2-d.html#id.2.1.2">Presentation Markup</a><br> 2.1.3 <a href="chapter2-d.html#id.2.1.3">Content Markup</a><br> 2.1.4 <a href="chapter2-d.html#id.2.1.4">Mixing Presentation and Content</a><br> 2.2 <a href="chapter2-d.html#fund.document">MathML in a Document</a><br> 2.3 <a href="chapter2-d.html#fund.examples">Some MathML Examples</a><br> 2.3.1 <a href="chapter2-d.html#fund.pres">Presentation Examples</a><br> 2.3.2 <a href="chapter2-d.html#fund.cont">Content Examples</a><br> 2.3.3 <a href="chapter2-d.html#fund.mix">Mixed Markup Examples</a><br> 2.4 <a href="chapter2-d.html#fund.syntax">MathML Syntax and Grammar</a><br> 2.4.1 <a href="chapter2-d.html#id.2.4.1">MathML Syntax and Grammar</a><br> 2.4.2 <a href="chapter2-d.html#fund.xmlsyntax">An XML Syntax Primer</a><br> 2.4.3 <a href="chapter2-d.html#id.2.4.3">Children versus Arguments</a><br> 2.4.4 <a href="chapter2-d.html#fund.attval">MathML Attribute Values</a><br> 2.4.5 <a href="chapter2-d.html#fund.globatt">Attributes Shared by all MathML Elements</a><br> 2.4.6 <a href="chapter2-d.html#fund.collapse">Collapsing Whitespace in Input</a><br>3 <a href="chapter3-d.html">Presentation Markup</a><br> 3.1 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.intro">Introduction</a><br> 3.1.1 <a href="chapter3-d.html#id.3.1.1">What Presentation Elements Represent</a><br> 3.1.2 <a href="chapter3-d.html#id.3.1.2">Terminology Used In This Chapter</a><br> 3.1.3 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.reqarg">Required Arguments</a><br> 3.1.4 <a href="chapter3-d.html#id.3.1.4">Elements with Special Behaviors</a><br> 3.1.5 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.bidi">Bidirectional Layout</a><br> 3.1.6 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.summary">Summary of Presentation Elements</a><br> 3.2 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.tokel">Token Elements</a><br> 3.2.1 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.tokenchars">MathML characters in
token elements</a><br> 3.2.2 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.commatt">Mathematics style attributes common to token
elements</a><br> 3.2.3 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mi">Identifier (mi)</a><br> 3.2.4 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mn">Number (mn)</a><br> 3.2.5 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mo">Operator, Fence, Separator or Accent
(mo)</a><br> 3.2.6 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mtext">Text (mtext)</a><br> 3.2.7 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mspace">Space (mspace)</a><br> 3.2.8 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.ms">String Literal (ms)</a><br> 3.2.9 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mglyph">Accessing glyphs for
characters from MathML
(mglyph)</a><br> 3.3 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.genlayout">General Layout Schemata</a><br> 3.3.1 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mrow">Horizontally Group Sub-Expressions
(mrow)</a><br> 3.3.2 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mfrac">Fractions (mfrac)</a><br> 3.3.3 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mroot">Radicals (msqrt, mroot)</a><br> 3.3.4 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mstyle">Style Change (mstyle)</a><br> 3.3.5 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.merror">Error Message (merror)</a><br> 3.3.6 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mpadded">Adjust Space Around Content
(mpadded)</a><br> 3.3.7 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mphantom">Making Sub-Expressions Invisible (mphantom)</a><br> 3.3.8 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mfenced">Expression Inside Pair of Fences
(mfenced)</a><br> 3.3.9 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.menclose">Enclose Expression Inside Notation
(menclose)</a><br> 3.4 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.scrlim">Script and Limit Schemata</a><br> 3.4.1 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.msub">Subscript (msub)</a><br> 3.4.2 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.msup">Superscript (msup)</a><br> 3.4.3 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.msubsup">Subscript-superscript Pair (msubsup)</a><br> 3.4.4 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.munder">Underscript (munder)</a><br> 3.4.5 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mover">Overscript (mover)</a><br> 3.4.6 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.munderover">Underscript-overscript Pair
(munderover)</a><br> 3.4.7 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mmultiscripts">Prescripts and Tensor Indices
(mmultiscripts)</a><br> 3.5 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.tabmat">Tables and Matrices</a><br> 3.5.1 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mtable">Table or Matrix
(mtable)</a><br> 3.5.2 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mtr">Row in Table or Matrix (mtr)</a><br> 3.5.3 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mlabeledtr">Labeled Row in Table or Matrix
(mlabeledtr)</a><br> 3.5.4 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.mtd">Entry in Table or Matrix (mtd)</a><br> 3.5.5 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.malign">Alignment Markers</a><br> 3.6 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.enliven">Enlivening Expressions</a><br> 3.6.1 <a href="chapter3-d.html#presm.maction">Bind Action to Sub-Expression (maction)</a><br>4 <a href="chapter4-d.html">Content Markup</a><br> 4.1 <a href="chapter4-d.html#contm.intro">Introduction</a><br> 4.1.1 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.1.1">The Intent of Content Markup</a><br> 4.1.2 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.1.2">The Scope of Content Markup</a><br> 4.1.3 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.1.3">Basic Concepts of Content Markup</a><br> 4.2 <a href="chapter4-d.html#contm.usage">Content Element Usage Guide</a><br> 4.2.1 <a href="chapter4-d.html#contm.cats">Overview of Syntax and Usage</a><br> 4.2.2 <a href="chapter4-d.html#contm.container">Containers</a><br> 4.2.3 <a href="chapter4-d.html#contm.funopqual">Functions, Operators and Qualifiers</a><br> 4.2.4 <a href="chapter4-d.html#contm.relation">Relations</a><br> 4.2.5 <a href="chapter4-d.html#contm.conditions">Conditions</a><br> 4.2.6 <a href="chapter4-d.html#contm.synsem">Syntax and Semantics</a><br> 4.2.7 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.2.7">Semantic Mappings</a><br> 4.2.8 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.2.8">Constants and Symbols</a><br> 4.2.9 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.2.9">MathML element types</a><br> 4.3 <a href="chapter4-d.html#contm.attrib">Content Element Attributes</a><br> 4.3.1 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.3.1">Content Element Attribute Values</a><br> 4.3.2 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.3.2">Attributes Modifying Content Markup Semantics</a><br> 4.3.3 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.3.3">Attributes Modifying Content Markup Rendering</a><br> 4.4 <a href="chapter4-d.html#contm.elem">The Content Markup Elements</a><br> 4.4.1 <a href="chapter4-d.html#contm.tokenel">Token Elements</a><br> 4.4.2 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.4.2">Basic Content Elements</a><br> 4.4.3 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.4.3">Arithmetic, Algebra and Logic</a><br> 4.4.4 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.4.4">Relations</a><br> 4.4.5 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.4.5">Calculus and Vector Calculus</a><br> 4.4.6 <a href="chapter4-d.html#contm.sets">Theory of Sets</a><br> 4.4.7 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.4.7">Sequences and Series</a><br> 4.4.8 <a href="chapter4-d.html#contm.elemclass">Elementary classical functions</a><br> 4.4.9 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.4.9">Statistics</a><br> 4.4.10 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.4.10">Linear Algebra</a><br> 4.4.11 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.4.11">Semantic Mapping Elements</a><br> 4.4.12 <a href="chapter4-d.html#id.4.4.12">Constant and Symbol Elements</a><br>5 <a href="chapter5-d.html">Combining Presentation and Content Markup</a><br> 5.1 <a href="chapter5-d.html#mixing.why">Why Two Different Kinds of Markup?</a><br> 5.2 <a href="chapter5-d.html#mixing.markup">Mixed Markup</a><br> 5.2.1 <a href="chapter5-d.html#mixing.reasons">Reasons to Mix Markup</a><br> 5.2.2 <a href="chapter5-d.html#id.5.2.2">Combinations that are prohibited</a><br> 5.2.3 <a href="chapter5-d.html#mixing.pmincm">Presentation Markup Contained in Content Markup</a><br> 5.2.4 <a href="chapter5-d.html#mixing.cminpm">Content Markup Contained in
Presentation Markup</a><br> 5.3 <a href="chapter5-d.html#mixing.parallel">Parallel Markup</a><br> 5.3.1 <a href="chapter5-d.html#id.5.3.1">Top-level Parallel Markup</a><br> 5.3.2 <a href="chapter5-d.html#id.5.3.2">Fine-grained Parallel Markup</a><br> 5.3.3 <a href="chapter5-d.html#id.5.3.3">Parallel Markup via Cross-References:
id and xref</a><br> 5.3.4 <a href="chapter5-d.html#id.5.3.4">Annotation Cross-References using XLink:
id and href</a><br> 5.4 <a href="chapter5-d.html#mixing.tools">Tools, Style Sheets and Macros for Combined Markup</a><br> 5.4.1 <a href="chapter5-d.html#mixing.notsheet">Notational Style Sheets</a><br> 5.4.2 <a href="chapter5-d.html#id.5.4.2">Content-Faithful Transformations</a><br> 5.4.3 <a href="chapter5-d.html#mixing.sheet">Style Sheets for Extensions</a><br>6 <a href="chapter6-d.html">Characters, Entities and Fonts</a><br> 6.1 <a href="chapter6-d.html#chars.intro">Introduction</a><br> 6.2 <a href="chapter6-d.html#chars.mathmlchars">MathML Characters</a><br> 6.2.1 <a href="chapter6-d.html#chars.unicodechars">Unicode Character Data</a><br> 6.2.2 <a href="chapter6-d.html#chars.mglyph">Special Characters Not in Unicode</a><br> 6.2.3 <a href="chapter6-d.html#chars.BMP-SMP">Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
Characters</a><br> 6.2.4 <a href="chapter6-d.html#chars.nonmark">Non-Marking Characters</a><br> 6.3 <a href="chapter6-d.html#id.6.3">Character Symbol Listings</a><br> 6.3.1 <a href="chapter6-d.html#chars.special">Special Constants</a><br> 6.3.2 <a href="chapter6-d.html#chars.byxxx">Character Tables (ASCII format)</a><br> 6.3.3 <a href="chapter6-d.html#chars.16x16-tables">Tables arranged by Unicode block</a><br> 6.3.4 <a href="chapter6-d.html#chars.math-negated-tables">Negated
Mathematical Characters</a><br> 6.3.5 <a href="chapter6-d.html#chars.math-variant-tables">Variant
Mathematical Characters</a><br> 6.3.6 <a href="chapter6-d.html#chars.letter-like-tables">Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols</a><br> 6.3.7 <a href="chapter6-d.html#chars.entity.tables">MathML Character Names</a><br> 6.4 <a href="chapter6-d.html#id.6.4">Differences from Characters in MathML 1</a><br> 6.4.1 <a href="chapter6-d.html#id.6.4.1">Coverage</a><br> 6.4.2 <a href="chapter6-d.html#id.6.4.2">Fewer Non-marking Characters </a><br> 6.4.3 <a href="chapter6-d.html#id.6.4.3">ISO Tables</a><br> 6.4.4 <a href="chapter6-d.html#chars.char-status">Status of Character Encodings</a><br>7 <a href="chapter7-d.html">The MathML Interface</a><br> 7.1 <a href="chapter7-d.html#interf.embed">Embedding MathML in other Documents</a><br> 7.1.1 <a href="chapter7-d.html#interf.namespace">MathML and Namespaces</a><br> 7.1.2 <a href="chapter7-d.html#interf.toplevel">The Top-Level
math Element</a><br> 7.1.3 <a href="chapter7-d.html#id.7.1.3">Invoking MathML Processors</a><br> 7.1.4 <a href="chapter7-d.html#interf.link">Mixing and Linking MathML and HTML</a><br> 7.1.5 <a href="chapter7-d.html#interf.graphics">MathML and Graphical Markup</a><br> 7.1.6 <a href="chapter7-d.html#interf.style">Using CSS with MathML</a><br> 7.2 <a href="chapter7-d.html#interf.genproc">Conformance</a><br> 7.2.1 <a href="chapter7-d.html#id.7.2.1">MathML Conformance</a><br> 7.2.2 <a href="chapter7-d.html#interf.error">Handling of Errors</a><br> 7.2.3 <a href="chapter7-d.html#interf.unspecified">Attributes for unspecified data</a><br> 7.3 <a href="chapter7-d.html#interf.future">Future Extensions</a><br> 7.3.1 <a href="chapter7-d.html#id.7.3.1">Macros and Style Sheets</a><br> 7.3.2 <a href="chapter7-d.html#id.7.3.2">XML Extensions to MathML</a><br>8 <a href="chapter8-d.html">Document Object Model for MathML</a><br> 8.1 <a href="chapter8-d.html#dom-intro.intro">Introduction</a><br> 8.1.1 <a href="chapter8-d.html#id.8.1.1">hasFeature String</a><br> 8.1.2 <a href="chapter8-d.html#id.8.1.2">MathML DOM Extensions</a><br></p>
<h3><a name="appendices" id="appendices"></a>Appendices</h3><p class="toc">A <a href="appendixa-d.html">Parsing MathML</a><br> A.1 <a href="appendixa-d.html#parsing.wellformed">Use of MathML as Well-Formed
XML</a><br> A.2 <a href="appendixa-d.html#parsing.usingdtdt">Using the MathML DTD</a><br> A.2.1 <a href="appendixa-d.html#parsing.doctype">DOCTYPE declaration for MathML</a><br> A.2.2 <a href="appendixa-d.html#parsing.dtd.param">DTD Parameters</a><br> A.2.3 <a href="appendixa-d.html#parsing.module">MathML as a DTD Module</a><br> A.2.4 <a href="appendixa-d.html#parsing.sgml">SGML</a><br> A.2.5 <a href="appendixa-d.html#parsing.dtd">The MathML DTD</a><br> A.3 <a href="appendixa-d.html#parsing.usingxsd">Using the MathML XML Schema</a><br> A.3.1 <a href="appendixa-d.html#parsing.schemalocation">Associating the MathML schema with MathML fragments</a><br> A.3.2 <a href="appendixa-d.html#parsing-charents">Character entity references</a><br>B <a href="appendixb-d.html">Content Markup Validation Grammar</a><br>C <a href="appendixc-d.html">Content Element Definitions</a><br> C.1 <a href="appendixc-d.html#cedef.about">About Content Markup Elements</a><br> C.1.1 <a href="appendixc-d.html#id.C.1.1">The Default Definitions</a><br> C.1.2 <a href="appendixc-d.html#id.C.1.2">The Structure of an MMLdefinition.</a><br> C.2 <a href="appendixc-d.html#cedef.def">Definitions of MathML Content Elements</a><br> C.2.1 <a href="appendixc-d.html#cedef.Token.Elements">Token Elements</a><br> C.2.2 <a href="appendixc-d.html#cedef.Basic.Content.Elements">Basic Content Elements</a><br> C.2.3 <a href="appendixc-d.html#cedef.Arithmetic.Algebra.and.Logic">Arithmetic Algebra and Logic</a><br> C.2.4 <a href="appendixc-d.html#cedef.Relations">Relations</a><br> C.2.5 <a href="appendixc-d.html#cedef.Calculus.and.Vector.Calculus">Calculus and Vector Calculus</a><br> C.2.6 <a href="appendixc-d.html#cedef.Theory.of.Sets">Theory of Sets</a><br> C.2.7 <a href="appendixc-d.html#cedef.Sequences.and.Series">Sequences and Series</a><br> C.2.8 <a href="appendixc-d.html#cedef.Elementary.Classical.Functions">Elementary Classical Functions</a><br> C.2.9 <a href="appendixc-d.html#cedef.Statistics">Statistics</a><br> C.2.10 <a href="appendixc-d.html#cedef.Linear.Algebra">Linear Algebra</a><br> C.2.11 <a href="appendixc-d.html#cedef.Constants.and.Symbol.Elements">Constants and Symbol Elements</a><br>D <a href="appendixd-d.html">Document Object Model for MathML</a><br> D.1 <a href="appendixd-d.html#dom.interfaces">IDL Interfaces</a><br> D.1.1 <a href="appendixd-d.html#id.D.1.1">Miscellaneous Object Definitions</a><br> D.1.2 <a href="appendixd-d.html#id.D.1.2">Generic MathML Elements</a><br> D.1.3 <a href="appendixd-d.html#id.D.1.3">Presentation Elements</a><br> D.1.4 <a href="appendixd-d.html#id.D.1.4">Content Elements</a><br> D.2 <a href="appendixd-d.html#dom.domTables">MathML DOM Tables</a><br> D.2.1 <a href="appendixd-d.html#dom.inheritanceChart">Chart of MathML DOM Inheritance</a><br> D.2.2 <a href="appendixd-d.html#dom.elementTable">Table of Elements and MathML DOM Representations</a><br>E <a href="appendixe-d.html">MathML Document Object Model Bindings (Non-Normative)</a><br> E.1 <a href="appendixe-d.html#dom-bindings.IDLBinding">MathML Document Object Model IDL Binding</a><br> E.2 <a href="appendixe-d.html#dom-bindings.JavaBindings">MathML Document Object Model Java Binding</a><br> E.3 <a href="appendixe-d.html#dom-bindings.ECMABinding">MathML Document Object Model ECMAScript Binding</a><br>F <a href="appendixf-d.html">Operator Dictionary (Non-Normative)</a><br> F.1 <a href="appendixf-d.html#oper-dict.format">Format of operator dictionary entries</a><br> F.2 <a href="appendixf-d.html#oper-dict.index">Indexing of operator dictionary</a><br> F.3 <a href="appendixf-d.html#oper-dict.names">Choice of entity names</a><br> F.4 <a href="appendixf-d.html#oper-dict.space">Notes on lspace and
rspace attributes</a><br> F.5 <a href="appendixf-d.html#oper-dict.entries">Operator dictionary entries</a><br>G <a href="appendixg-d.html">Sample CSS Style Sheet for MathML (Non-Normative)</a><br>H <a href="appendixh-d.html">Glossary (Non-Normative)</a><br>I <a href="appendixi-d.html">Working Group Membership and Acknowledgments (Non-Normative)</a><br> I.1 <a href="appendixi-d.html#contrib">The Math Working Group Membership</a><br> I.2 <a href="appendixi-d.html#contrib.ack">Acknowledgments</a><br>J <a href="appendixj-d.html">Changes (Non-Normative)</a><br> J.1 <a href="appendixj-d.html#changes.mathml2.0-2.02e">Changes between MathML 2.0 and MathML 2.0 Second Edition</a><br> J.2 <a href="appendixj-d.html#changes.mathml1.01-2.0">Changes between MathML 1.01 and MathML 2.0</a><br>K <a href="appendixk-d.html">References (Non-Normative)</a><br>L <a href="appendixl-d.html">Index (Non-Normative)</a><br> L.1 <a href="appendixl-d.html#index.elem">MathML Elements</a><br> L.2 <a href="appendixl-d.html#index.att">MathML Attributes</a><br></p></div><hr><div class="body"></div><div class="back"></div></body></html>
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