.TH XCircuit 1 "July 3, 1998" "X11R5"
.SH NAME
xcircuit, xschema - Draw circuit schematics or almost anything; make
circuit netlists from schematics.
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B xcircuit [-schema] [\fIfilename\fP[,...]] 
.SH DESCRIPTION
The program xcircuit is a generic drawing program tailored
especially for making publication-quality renderings of 
circuit diagrams (hence the name).  The output is pure
PostScript, and the graphical interface attempts to maintain
as much consistency as possible between the X11 window
rendering and the final printer output.
.sp
\fIxcircuit\fP is mouse, menu, and keyboard\-driven, with the emphasis
on single-character keyboard macros.
.SH OPTIONS
.TP 8
.B -schema
Run xcircuit with the schematic capture options.  This is the same
as running the program as \fBxschema\fP [\fIfilename\fP[,...]].
.TP 8
.B \fIfilename\fP[,...]
Begin running xcircuit by loading in the PostScript file
filename.  If filename does not have a .ps extension,
xcircuit will attempt to look for both the filename
as entered and, upon failure, with the .ps extension.
The file must be in xcircuit format.  \fIfilename\fP
may also be a comma-separated list of files.
.SH BASIC ELEMENTS
There are five drawing elements.  These are as follows:  
.TP 3
.B a)
polygon (multiple lines which may or may not be closed and filled)
.TP 3
.B b)
arc (ellipse segment which may be closed and/or filled as above)
.TP 3
.B c)
label (any text)
.TP 3
.B d)
curve (based on the PostScript "curveto" algorithm)
.TP 3
.B e)
object instance (see below)
.PP
There are two composite elements, which are:
.TP 3
.TP 3
.B f)
path (a connected series of polygons, arcs, and curves)
.B g)
object (something containing polygons, arcs, labels, 
curves, paths, and instances of other objects)
.SH MOUSE BUTTONS
The mouse button system, the object library, and the paged buffer
system are loosely based on the
Caltech circuit-simulation program "log" (either "analog" or "diglog").
.sp
The general idea is to make the most commonly-used functions the
easiest to perform, and (to the extent possible) to scale (inversely)
the complexity of performing a function with the frequency of that task.
Because this program is tailored to circuit drawing, the most common
functions are drawing lines and moving object instances.  The next most
common function is selection of elements singly or in groups.
.sp
Mouse button 1 can be tapped to start a connected chain of lines, the
most common drawing function.  In addition, button 1
has a function called "grab", which occurs after the button has
been continually pressed for a short length of time (about 1/5 second).
As the name implies, "grab" grabs hold of an element which can then
be moved around the screen.
.sp
Button 2 can be used to select an item if tapped, and if pressed
and held down, a box will be drawn and everything inside that box
selected when the button is released.  In all other cases, button 2
will complete a command.
.sp
Button 3 will normally abort a command.  During editing of an arc,
spline, or polygon, button 3 will revert back to the previous form,
or abort if there is no remaining edit history.
.sp
All other commands are 
available from the pulldown menus and/or from the keyboard using
single-key macros (with easy-to-remember mnemonics).
Keyboard commands are quicker, since they act on the present cursor
position, whereas menu commands require an extra step.
.SH BUILT-IN LIBRARY
The library is intended to provide a convenient way to store and
retrieve elements of a picture which will be used more than once.
For the application of circuit drawing, a built-in library provides
basic objects such as transistors, amplifiers, resistors, capacitors,
arrows, circles, power and ground symbols, and the like.  This file
("builtins.ps") is loaded on startup;  the program first looks in
the current directory, and then searches in the directory given by
the environment variable "XCIRCUIT_LIB_DIR", and finally, in the
hard-coded global directory (something like /usr/local/lib/xcircuit/)
if it could not find it elsewhere.
Thus each user can add to or modify the file of builtins to reflect
personal taste.  Since the PostScript output contains all object
definitions, these changes to the built-in functions are inherently
transferrable.  Xcircuit will automatically resolve conflicts between
objects having the same name but different contents.
.sp
The library is accesible from the pull-down menu or with the "l"
keyboard macro.  When inside the library, clicking the first mouse
button on an object "grabs" that object and returns the graphics
state immediately to the page being edited, so that the object
will be placed when the mouse button is released.
.SH ZOOMING
Xcircuit has a rigid sense of zooming and snap-to grid.  Objects
scale completely:  line widths and text sizes will increase/decrease
proportionally with the zoom, as well as dot/dash spacing and all
other features.  Xcircuit does have a minimum integer grid in
coordinate space, which translates to 0.005 inches at an output scale
of 1.  The maximum zoom scale gives a screen size translating to
about 100 by 100 inches at an output scale of 1.  The effective
scale can be varied by changing the output scale (reached from the
"File/Write" menu selection) in order to fit a drawing to a page or
to get a grid matched to a specific dimension.  A separate scale
parameter changes the scale of the reported position relative to
the output scale (as it will appear on a printed page).

.SH SNAP-TO GRID
The snap-to grid is an all-important feature for circuit drawing,
wherein it is critical that elements line up properly with one another.
In \fIxcircuit\fP, there is no way to get off the snap-to grid except by
turning the snap function off and physically pushing elements off
the grid.  In any case, objects can always be returned to the snap
grid with the "snap" function (key macro "S").

.SH SELECTION MECHANISM
Objects are selected using a variety of search methods.  The
select box (formed by holding down mouse button 2 and dragging
the pointer) uses the simplest method, searching for
curve/polygon segment endpoints, arc centers, and label
and object bounding boxes falling within the select box frame.
General object selection is more complicated.  Polygons, Arcs,
and Curves are selected by their outer edges, not the interiors.
Currently this is also true for filled instances of those types.
A line is selected if the pointer is in a
region describing a box around it, which is adusted according
to the scale (zoom factor).  Every object has an
associated bounding box, which is rectangular but may be rotated
with respect to the top level window.  An object instance is
selected if the pointer falls within its bounding box.  Each
label also has a bounding box carefully calculated from the width
of the text string.
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Often the selection mechanism will find multiple elements in
range of the pointer.  In this case, each object in turn will be
presented, colored in blue (or the specified "querycolor" in the
defaults file), and the user has the option of accepting the 
highlighted element for selection using the mouse button 1, or
rejecting it with mouse button 3.  When all the elements under
consideration have been accepted or rejected, the program
proceeds to execute whatever function was in progress.  This
selection method takes a little while to get used to, but is
sensible and seems to work well.

.SH COLOR
Color in xcircuit is implemented with the idea of "color inheritance".
Every page has a "default color" of black.  All elements which have
color value "Inherit" will inherit the default color, black.  If an
object instance is painted blue (for instance), all components in
that object which have color value "Inherit" will inherit its color,
blue.  The reason for this is that it allows different object
instances to be painted different colors (such as if one part of
a circuit is highlighted for emphasis), while making it possible for
object instances to be multicolored, if necessary.  Changing the
color of an object instance will have no observable effect on the 
drawing if none of the components of the object inherit that color.
An object may have both normally colored components and components
which inherit their color, in which case only those components with
the "Inherit" value will change color when the color of the object
instance is changed.

.SH KEYBOARD COMMANDS
.br
.PP
\fBBasic keyboard commands:\fP
.TP 12
.B Z
Zoom in by a factor of 3/2.  If this key is pressed while a
selection box is active (created with the middle mouse
button), then acts like Zoom Box function.
.TP 12
.B z
Zoom out by a factor of 3/2.
.TP 12
.B p
Pan the screen so that the point under the mouse is brought
to the center of the program window.  This function can also
be conveniently performed by clicking on the scrollbars.
The scrollbars cannot be moved continuously due to the slow
time for screen refresh.
.TP 12
.B cursors
The arrow keys perform a pan of one-half window size in the
direction of the arrow pressed.
.TP 12
.B l
Go to the Library of built-in objects.  From the library,
use mouse button1 to grab an object and bring it back to
the edit screen, or button3 to return without selecting 
an object instance.  While in the library screen, the
zoom and pan functions can be used to move around.
.TP 12
.B >
Push into an on-screen object in order to edit that object
.TP 12
.B <
Return from editing an object.  Object pushes and pops can
be stacked indefinitely.
.TP 12
.B space
Refresh the screen.
.TP 12
.B digits 0-9
Switch to one of the first ten editing pages.  Pages greater
than 10 can be reached from the "Window/Goto Page" menu
selection.
.TP 12
.B + and -
Change snap-to grid spacing by a factor of two up or down.
.TP 12
.B | : and _
(Bar, colon, and underline) Change style on the currently
selected object to dashed, dotted, and solid, respectively.
.TP 12
.B h or ?
Print a help page summary of commands
.PP
.sp
\fBCommands to create elements:\fP
.TP 4
.B a
Arc.  Center is fixed at the initial position of the cursor.
The mouse position changes the radius of the circle.
In snap-to mode the arc boundry will pass through the snap point
closest to the cursor.  Mouse button 1 cycles from controlling
the radius to controlling the starting point, the ending point,
and separately controlling the minor axis to create ellipse.
Mouse button 2 completes the arc.
.TP 4
.B b
Box.  This is a convenience function for generating rectangular
closed polygons.  Creates a rectangle with one corner fixed at
the position of the cursor.  Subsequent movement of the cursor
defines the point diametrically opposed.  Mouse buttons 1 or 2
complete the box.
.TP 4
.B s
Spline curve.  The first endpoint is defined by the initial cursor
position.  Mouse position adjusts the other endpoint of the curve.
Mouse button 1 cycles from controlling position of the endpoint
to controlling positions of the curve control points and the curve
starting point.  Mouse button 2 completes the curve.
.TP 4
.B t
Text.  Text starts out justified according to the styles chosen
in the pull-down menu.  Text can be rejustified using the menu
or by typing the numbers on the keypad (\fBshift-keypad-1\fP through
\fBshift-keypad-9\fP).  The position of the keys on the keypad
matches the justification.  Subscripts, superscripts, font
changes, text size changes, underlining, and overlining are all
available from the pull-down menu.  Text edit mode recognizes
\fBCtrl-A\fP and \fBCtrl-E\fP to move to the beginning and end
of the string, respectively.
.TP 4
.B M, m
Make object.  Takes all the elements currently selected and
compiles them into an object.  The object is then placed in the
user library.  The elements just selected are deleted from the
screen and replaced by the new object.  The center point of the
resulting object is chosen as the closest snap-to point to the
center of the object's bounding box;  if another center is desired,
then the object can be edited using the ">" command and its contents
moved with respect to its origin.  \fINote:\fP  Objects cannot have
the same name as PostScript commands or have the same name as any
other object in memory.  If such a name is found, an underscore ("_")
will be prepended to the name as many times as is necessary to
differentiate it from all other known objects.
The name also cannot contain special PostScript characters such as
slash; any such characters found will be replaced with underscores.
.sp
.PP
\fBMajor editing commands:\fP
.TP 4
.B d
Delete.  Select the nearest element or elements and delete it/them.
.TP 4
.B u
Undelete.  Xcircuit saves up to 10 delete events to be recovered.
Delete events are stored in order of occurrence, and the most
recent delete event is the first to be recovered.
When multiple elements are deleted at the same time, all of them
are stored as one delete event, and restored together.
.TP 4
.B x
Deselect. Elements which have been selected can be deselected on
a per-item basis.  In order not to be too confusing, deselect does
not query if multiple items are found under the cursor; it just
deselects them all.
.TP 4
.B c
Copy.  Make a copy of the object(s) nearest the cursor.  Object
is automatically grabbed for moving to a new position.  The 
next button1 or button2 press will place the element.  Button2
will end the copy, and button1 will continue the copy function.
.TP 4
.B e
Edit.  The action of Edit is dependent on the type of element
selected.  These are detailed below:
.TP 12
.B Label
Returns to text editing mode, starting with the cursor
at the end of the string.  Mode is like regular text entry
except that Button 3 returns text to its original string.
.TP 12
.B Polygon
Grabs one point of a polygon for repositioning.  Button 1 cycles
between points, button 2 accepts the new polygon, and button 3
returns to the previous state, unless there is no remaining edit
history, in which case it aborts the command.
Key macros available during polygon edit are:
.sp
"x"---Breaks the polygon at the given point.
.sp
"e"---Moves edit position to the next point.
.sp
"i" or "Insert"---Inserts a new point at the position.
.sp
"d" or "Delete"---Deletes the current edit point.
.sp
There are four modes for polygon editing; see the
"\fBPolygon Edit\fP" section below for details.
.TP 12
.B Arc
Allows resizing of the radius.  Mouse button 1 or the "e" key
will cycle between control of the radius, the endpoint angles,
and the ellipse minor axis.  Mouse button 2 accepts the new
arc.  Button 3 returns to the previous editing state,
unless there is no remaining edit history, in which case it
aborts the command.
.TP 12
.B Curve
Allows repositioning of one end of the curve.
Originally, the starting angle of the curve is kept fixed.
Mouse button 1 or the "e" key cycles between the four
control points of the curve, allowing control over the
angle of the curve at its endpoint and the shape of the
curve.  Mouse button 2 accepts the new curve.  Button 3
reverts back to the previous edit state
unless there is no remaining edit history, in which case
it terminates the command.
.TP 12
.B Object instance
Object instances have no properties to change
except scale, and do not respond to the "edit" command.
Scale can be changed by selecting "Options/Other/Object Size"
from the menu.
.sp
.PP
\fBMinor editing commands:\fP
.TP 4
.B R
Rotate the selected element(s) or element under the cursor
counterclockwise in 15 degree intervals.
.TP 4
.B r
Rotate the selected element(s) or element under the cursor
clockwise in 15 degree intervals.
.TP 4
.B O
Rotate the selected element(s) or element under the cursor
counterclockwise by 5 degree intervals.  This is currently
the smallest angle resolution available to xcircuit.
.TP 4
.B o
Rotate the selected element(s) or element under the cursor
clockwise by 5 degree intervals.
.TP 4
.B f
Flip an element around a vertical axis defined by an object's
origin for an object instance, or across an axis defined by
the pointer position for arcs, polygons, and curves.
.TP 4
.B F
Flip an element around a horizontal axis defined
similarly to the "f" command.
.TP 4
.B X
If two elements are selected, their order is exchanged
(this is only relevant if one element occludes another).
If one element is selected, it is raised up one in the
stack, and if it is already on top of the stack, it is
shuffled to the bottom.
.TP 4
.B S
Snap the nearest object to the snap-to grid.  For
curves the control and endpoints are snapped; for polygons, each
point is snapped; for arcs, the centerpoint is snapped; for labels
and object instances, the designated point of origin is snapped.
.TP 4
.B j
Join polygons together.  This only makes sense if it is possible
to make a single continuous (open or closed) polygon from the
selected parts.  Otherwise a warning will be posted and the parts
will remain separate.
.TP 4
.B A
Attach an element to a polygon, arc, or curve.
The element to be attached must be the one currently grabbed
(either by a "drag", copy command, or edit command).
Until it is released, it will be forced to align
its center (object, arc), endpoint (polygon, curve), or
position (label) with the closest polygon, arc, or curve.
Note that this is a very powerful tool for generating, for
example, lines tangent to a curve, or objects arranged in
a circle or along a line.
.sp
.PP
\fBLibrary editing commands:\fP
.TP 4
.B D
Delete.  The selected objects will be deleted from the library
unless other library objects or pages contain references to that
object.  \fBNote:\fP Unlike deleting object instances with the
"\fBd\fP" command, this command deletes the actual object and
releases all memory associated with that object, so the
object cannot be undeleted.
.TP 4
.B C
Copy.  Makes a copy of an object from either library page and
places the new copy in the user library.  The new object will
be renamed to avoid naming conflicts.
.TP 4
.B M
Move.  If one object has been selected, it is moved to the
position of the cursor.  If two objects have been selected,
their positions in the library are exchanged.
.TP 4
.B E
Edit label.  Edit the object name whose label is under the
cursor.  After editing, the object name will be checked for
conflicts with other object names, and altered if necessary.
.TP 4
.B H
Hide object.  If the object is a sub-instance of another object,
but is not meant to be used by itself, it can be "hidden" so
that it will not appear by itself on the library page.
.sp
.SH MENU COMMANDS
.sp
.TP 4
.B Write Postscript
This command brings up a popup menu with a number of options.
First, it gives the name of the file if one exists, or else it
gives the default name of the buffer (usually \fBPage\fP \fIn\fP,
where \fIn\fP is the number of the buffer).
Next, it gives a preview of the picture scale and output
styles, which include Landscape/Portrait orientation and
Encapulated/Unencapsulated (full page) PostScript modes.
The former allows adjustment of the nominal size of the picture
when drawn in PostScript.  The default scale is 1.00, which
makes the text scale of 1.0 about 14 points on the PostScript
page.  The width and height of the resulting 
picture are also given, in inches, and any of the three
values can be changed.  The values of the other two will
be updated accordingly.  Pages which have the same name
will be grouped together into a single file, allowing
multiple pages to be stored in the same PostScript file.
However, as Encapsulated PostScript does not make sense
for this kind of file, it is not an option.
.sp
The \fBWrite File\fP button writes the current page to an
output file.  If the page has a name other than the default,
the file will automatically be saved under that name.  Otherwise,
it is necessary to change the name of the buffer.  If a file of
that name already exists on the disk, the button will read
\fBOverwrite File\fP.
.TP 4
.B Read PostScript
Reads in a file of Xcircuit format.  The
file name is requested by a popup prompt, and an extension
of ".ps" will be added if necessary.  The file is read
into the current page, which is cleared first if anything
is in it.  If the file is a multiple-page file, the current
page will be overwritten with the first page from the file,
but other pages will be loaded into empty buffers.
Xcircuit can also read "lgf"-format files from the Chipmunk
CAD tools programs "analog" and "diglog".
.TP 4
.B Import PostScript
Acts like "Read PostScript" except that the page is not
reset first, so graphics are added on top of existing
graphics on the page.
.TP 4
.B Clear Page
Clears the current page of all elements and resets the
name.  The contents cannot be recovered.
.TP 4
.B Alt Color
Switches between the two xcircuit color schemes.  The
color schemes can be redefined through XDefaults
(see below).  The default color schemes are black-on-white
and white-on-black.  The latter is less straining to the
eyes, but the former matches the black ink on white paper
PostScript output.  Any color scheme other than black-on-white
is not recommended for drawings with color, as the actual
output does not match the observed xcircuit screen.
.TP 4
.B Grid
Turns the grid lines on and off.
.TP 4
.B Axes
Turns the axis lines on and off.  The axes mark the 
origin (0,0) of the page.  On the top level (TopObject),
the origin has no particular relevance, since encapsulated
output will define its own boundaries, and full-page
(unencapsulated) output will be centered on the output
page, not according to the Xcircuit coordinate system.
.TP 4
.B Grid spacing
Changes the spacing of the grid lines.
Default spacing is 1/6 inch, which is about
the width of the letter 'W' in default text scale.
.TP 4
.B Grid type/display
This is a submenu allowing the coordinates and coordinate
grid to be specified in alternate units.  Listing of 
coordinates in the top window can be in default fractional
inches, decimal inches, or centimeters.  Default spacing
of grid lines is either one-quarter inch or one-half
centimeter.  Selecting an A:B scale With option
"\fBDrawing Scale\fP" causes all listed coordinates to be
multiplied by the scale.  \fINote:\fP Xcircuit will make
an attempt to keep objects on the snap/grid spacing when
switching between inch and centimeter scales.  In order
to do this, it will change the output scale by the ratio
of 2.54 to 2.5, thus keeping a closer correspondence between
inches and centimeters.  To get true centimeters on the
output page, the output scale (from the "File/Write Xcircuit PS")
can be reset to 1.0 at the expense of having all objects
intended for the inch grid displaced off of the snap grid.
.TP 4
.B Snap-to
Turns the snap-to grid on and off.  When the grid
is on, movement and placement of elements is restricted
to points on the snap-to grid.
.TP 4
.B Snap spacing
Determines the spacing of the points in the
snap-to grid.  Default is 1/12 inch, which is half
the grid line spacing.
.TP 4
.B Linewidth
Controls the default linewidth against which
all linewidths in the drawing are scaled.
.TP 4
.B Polygon Edit
The options in this submenu control how the position of
lines are affected when a point in a polygon is selected
for editing.  "\fBRhomboid-X\fP" mode moves adjoining
points as necessary to keep all horizontal lines horizontal;
"\fBRhomboid-Y\fP" mode acts similarly to keep all vertical
lines vertical.  "\fBRhomboid-A\fP" is similar to Manhattan
mode but also tracks non-Manhattan lines.
The default mode is "\fBManhattan Box Edit\fP",
which is a combination of Rhomboid-X and Rhomboid-Y.  In
"\fBNormal\fP" mode, only the point being edited can be moved.
.TP 4
.B \fPArc/Box/Curve\fB Border
The options under this menu determine the
border style of arcs, polygons, and curves.  If an element
is selected, it will be modified;  otherwise, if
no objects are selected, the style chosen is made
default for all subsequent arcs, polygons, and curves.
Elements may be drawn with or without borders (but
for obvious reasons cannot be made both borderless
and unfilled, which would be invisible)
The borders may be closed or unclosed.  For an arc,
closed means that a chord is drawn connecting the two
endpoints, if the beginning and ending angles do not
complete a full circle.  Borders may be solid, dashed,
dotted, and of varying width.
.TP 4
.B \fPArc/Box/Curve\fB Fill
The options under this menu determine the
fill style of arcs, polygons, and curves.  
Fill style may be solid, empty, or one of 7 stipple
patterns varying from light to dark, which are drawn
both in xcircuit and PostScript as stipple patterns.
Stipples can be transparent or opaque.
\fIWarning\fP:  Transparent
stipples are NOT inherent to PostScript and the hacks
necessary to implement them cause slow rendering on
a printer or PostScript previewer.  Due to the
device-dependent nature of the routines, patterns
will look abnormally large on PostScript previewers.
This transparancy feature has been added with the
expectation that most circuit schematics will not
rely heavily upon halftoning.  Complicated color
patterns can be created using transparent colored,
stippled elements on top of solid-color elements. 
\fINote\fP: Ordering of elements is according to
order created.  A different ordering can be achieved
using the "\fBX\fP" (exchange) command.  This method
is not especially easy to work with, and hopefully
something better will be implemented in the future.
.TP 4
.B \fPArc/Box/Curve\fB Color
See the COLOR section above for a discussion of color
inheritance.  This menu shows all the colors available
to xcircuit with the option of adding more colors.
Currently the entry style for colors is by name or by
RGB content in the X11 style of #rrggbb where rr, gg,
and bb are hex values ranging from 00 to FF.  The only
limit to the number of colors is the X Server's colormap
depth.  If the colormap is full, xcircuit attempts to
allocate the closest possible color to the one requested.
.TP 4
.B Zoom Box
This zoom feature requests the user to create a box
(using either mouse button 1 or 2, expanding the box
while holding down the button).  When the button is
released, the view will zoom to the area of that box.
.TP 4
.B Full View
This zoom feature calculates the bounding box
of the entire picture and adjusts the scale to make
it fit comfortably inside the program window.
.SH TEXT FEATURES
Xcircuit's ability to handle text is arguably the
most complicated part of the program, and also of
the PostScript output.  Careful attention to text
justification and style is the key to a good drawing.
.TP 4
.B Text Size
Alters the size of the labels.  The value is
a scale, with a default of 1.0 which translates to
14 points on the PostScript page if the default page
scale of 1 is used.  If a label is selected or being
edited, this affects only that label.  Otherwise, it
becomes the default size for all subsequent labels.  Size
affects the entire text string.  Other than subscripts
and superscripts, text size cannot be changed inside
of a string.
.TP 4
.B \fPText\fB Font
Four standard printer fonts, Times-Roman,
Helvetica, Courier, and Symbol, are readily available.
"User-defined" fonts can also be added.  These
must be spelled correctly to be understood by the
printer's PostScript interpreter.  Hint:  common
names are NewCenturySchlbk-Roman, AvantGarde-Book,
Palatino-Roman, Bookman-Light, ZapfChancery-Medium,
and ZapfDingbats.  There is no guarantee that a given
printer will understand the additional fonts.
User-defined fonts will only display in xcircuit as
a standard font.
.TP 4
.B \fPText\fB Style
Four standard font styles are available, 
matching the standard printer font variations:  Normal,
Italic (or oblique), Bold, and BoldItalic.  Using a
nifty PostScript algorithm found in the virtual-font
capable version of the program dvips, xcircuit can
make its own oblique version of the Symbol font;
however, Bold and Bold-Italic versions are not
available for the Symbol font.
.TP 4
.B Super and Subscripts
Superscript and subscript are
designed to closely match those in TeX output, though
they lack the proper context-dependent kerning and
other fancy features of TeX.  A superscript following
a subscript results in a superscripted subscript.
To get a superscript on top of a subscript, use the
backspace character (see below).
The Normalscript style is the way to get
out of a sub or superscript and return to the normal
size and position.
Quick super/sub/normalscripting is available from the
keypad with the "\fB+\fP" (plus), "\fB-\fP" (minus),
and "\fBEnter\fP" keys, respectively.
.TP 4
.B Overline and Underline
Overlining and underlining styles
remain in effect until the next occurrence of a style
or font change.  Overlining is
lower if all the characters are lowercase and do not
include the "tall" lowercase characters.  Overlining
or underlining can be stopped at any time using the No
Line style.  Over and Underlining is *always* preferable
to using a line.  PostScript will adjust the over or
underline to the text size and extent and actually grab
the "_" character and compute its thickness in order to
draw the line.
.TP 4
.B Backspace
The backspace character can be inserted into text,
causing the text pointer to back up past the last
character or characters written.  This allows
"overstrike" characters.
.TP 4
.B Justification
Text justification always starts with the
default, chosen from the options in the menu, but may
be changed at any time using the numbers on the keypad.
The position of the keys on the keypad reflect the
point of justification: 1, 4, and 7 are right-justified,
7, 8, and 9 are bottom justified, 5 is centered in both
directions.  Since the letters drawn by xcircuit are
optimized for the Helvetica font, correct justification
is the main way to get text to come out on the PostScript
page in the desired way, relative to objects or boxes or
whatever.
.SH .XCIRCUITRC FILE
Certain parameters of the xcircuit program can be
initialized from a file called \fB.xcircuitrc\fP, which
is first searched for in the current directory, and then
in the user's home directory as defined by the environment
variable $HOME.  Commands are:
.TP 6
.B library \fIlibname\fP
Loads a library named \fIlibname\fP (with or without .lps
extension) into the set of built-in objects.
.TP 6
.B override default library
Causes the default libraries defined in "builtins.lps"
\fInot\fP to be loaded.
.TP 6
.B override default colors
Causes the default colors \fInot\fP to be loaded; this will
not override the allocation of black and white, however,
for obvious reasons.
.TP 6
.B font \fIfontname\fP
Adds a font named \fIfontname\fP (as recognized by a
printer) to the menu of selectable fonts.
.TP 6 
.B color \fIcolorname\fP
Adds a color named \fIcolorname\fP (standard X11
conventions) to the menu of selectable colors.
.TP 6
.B set \fItype\fP \fIvalue\fP
Sets internal xcircuit variables, where \fItype\fP can be one of:
.sp
\fBboxedit\fP
.sp
Where \fIvalue\fP is one of "manhattan", "rhomboid-x", "rhomboid-y",
or "normal".  Determines the default way manhattan-aligned polygon
edges are manupulated during edits.
.sp
\fBlinewidth\fP
.sp
Where \fIvalue\fP is a real number indicating the default
width of lines for the default first page.
.sp
\fBbeep\fP
.sp
Where \fIvalue\fP can be \fBon\fP or \fBoff\fP, depending on 
whether or not you want the machine beeping at you when it
gives critical warnings.
.sp
\fBcolorscheme\fP
.sp
Where \fIvalue\fP is \fBinverse\fP to swap the two color schemes
and make the second scheme appear as default.

.SH X DEFAULTS
The color scheme of xcircuit has a default setup, but accepts 
alternate color schemes using the following keywords which can be put
in the X Defaults (.Xdefaults, .Xresources) file, such as:
.sp
.EX 0
  !
.br
  ! Sample X defaults for xcircuit, black-on-white version
.br
  !
.br
  xcircuit*foreground     : Black
.br
  xcircuit*background     : White
.br
  xcircuit*gridcolor      : Gray85
.br
  xcircuit*snapcolor      : Orange
.br
  xcircuit*selectcolor    : Blue
.br
  xcircuit*querycolor     : Green
.br
  xcircuit*axescolor      : NavajoWhite3
.br
  xcircuit*offbuttoncolor : Gray30
.br
  xcircuit*auxiliarycolor : MediumOrchid1
.br
.EE
.sp
Two color schemes are supported at a time, ostensibly for those people
who prefer the lessened eye strain of a white-on-black scheme.  The
names of the secondary colors are the same as those for the primary
colors, but followed by "2", e.g., "xcircuit*foreground2".
.sp
Xcircuit also recognizes the core resources, such as width and height:
.sp
.EX 0
  xcircuit*width		: 600
.br
  xcircuit*height		: 500
.EE
.sp
All xcircuit foreground and background colors are taken from the
Xdefaults foreground and background.  To get, for instance, white-on-black
menus and buttons with a black-on-white drawing area, use the following:
.sp
.EX 0
  xcircuit*foreground		: White
.br
  xcircuit*background		: DarkSlateGray
.br
  xcircuit.foreground		: Black
.br
  xcircuit.background		: White
.br
This will ensure that only the drawing area is black-on-white, but all other
windows will appear in the less eye-straining white-on-black.
.SH FILES
File paths used by xcircuit are system-dependent, but something
like
.sp
.TP 28
.B /usr/local/lib/xcircuit/
or
.TP 28
.B ~cad/lib/xcircuit/
.br
would be typical.
.sp
.TP 15 
.B xcircps.pro
PostScript prolog appended to each file
.TP 15 
.B builtins.lps
A file of pre-compiled circuit elements.  The \fB.lps\fP extension
is for libraries.  Typically, the \fBbuiltins\fP file will contain
commands of the type \fB%\fP \fIname\fP \fBloadlibrary\fP which is like
an "include" file:  it causes library \fIname\fP to be immediately
loaded.
.TP 15
.B ~/.xcircuitrc \fPor\fB ./xcircuitrc
Personal xcircuit initializer;  commands are outlined above.
Libraries listed in this file will be appended to the builtin libraries.
.SH BUGS
PostScript printers have device-dependent limits on the number of
statements within a "def" definition.  If an object definition has an
unusually large number of components, xcircuit will flag a warning when
writing the file.  However, there is no way to ensure that a file will be
accepted by a given printer.  The best way to avoid the problem is to make
sure that large drawings make good use of hierarchically nested user-defined
objects.
.sp
A list of bugs can be found in the Manifest file in the source directory.
.SH ONLINE TUTORIAL
Look for the xcircuit online tutorial at
.sp
http://olympus.ece.jhu.edu/~tim/programs/xcircuit/tutorial.html
.SH SEE ALSO
xfig(1), another powerful freeware drawing program worthy of mention. 
.SH NOTES
PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
.br
XCircuit Copyright (c) 1998 Tim Edwards.  XCircuit is freely distributed
under a generous public license.  See the source distribution for details.
.br
Xw widget set Copyright (c) 1988 by Hewlett-Packard Company and the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
.SH AUTHOR
Tim Edwards <tim@bach.ece.jhu.edu>.  Thanks to Tomas Rokicki for
the PostScript routine which manufactures a Symbol-Oblique font.
Thanks to Dave Gillespie and John Lazzaro for the program "analog"
on which the graphical interface of xcircuit is (roughly) based.