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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
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<title>Xgridfit</title>
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<div id="content">
<h1>Tutorial 1: Gentium's period</h1>
<p>
To introduce the basics of Xgridfit, let's instruct one of the
simplest possible glyphs: the period. Here's what it looks like in
Gentium Italic when opened in FontForge:
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<img src="Gentium_period.png" alt="Gentium period"/>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
Our aim in instructing this glyph is to move key points onto the
gridlines (which run between pixels) so that the TrueType
rasterizer always renders the glyph cleanly, without relying too
much on anti-aliasing and other tricks. Here's how the
uninstructed period sits on the raster grid at twenty pixels per
em; notice that none of the points falls on a gridline. The
darkened squares show that the anti-aliased glyph will be a
shapeless blob.
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<img src="Gentium_period_num.png" alt="Gentium period"/>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
We need to fit only the four points at the extrema to the grid:
these are numbered 0, 5, 8, and 13: a sensible start on our
project would be to name these points. At the same time we will
erect the elements that every Xgridfit program and every glyph
program must have: <xgridfit>, <pre-program> (needed
even when empty), and <glyph>:
</p>
<pre>
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<xgridfit xmlns="http://xgridfit.sourceforge.net/Xgridfit2">
<constant name="left-sidebearing" value="last + 1"/>
<pre-program>
</pre-program>
<glyph ps-name="period">
<constant name="last" value="15"/>
<constant name="left" value="8"/>
<constant name="right" value="0"/>
<constant name="bottom" value="5"/>
<constant name="top" value="13"/>
</glyph>
</xgridfit>
</pre>
<p>
We have also included a global constant <tt>left-sidebearing</tt>,
which gives us access to the left sidebearing point for any glyph
for which we have defined the constant <tt>last</tt> (which points
to the number of the last point in the glyph outline).
</p>
<p>
Let us deal first with the horizontal movements of points
<tt>left</tt> and <tt>right</tt>. We'll put all the programming
for horizontal movement in a with-block:
</p>
<pre>
<with-vectors axis="x">
</with-vectors>
</pre>
<p>
Our strategy will be to position point <tt>left</tt>, and then
position point <tt>right</tt> relative to it. In deciding how to
position <tt>left</tt>, it would help to know whether its distance
from the <tt>left-sidebearing</tt> point is a standard distance in
this font--that is, whether other glyphs have the same left
sidebearing. In fact, the colon and the exclamation mark have the
same left sidebearing of 51 font units; a control value will help
us control those glyphs in a consistent way. We'll put it right
after the global constant:
</p>
<pre>
<control-value name="period-left-sidebearing" value="51"/>
</pre>
<p>
Now we can add our first instruction to the glyph program We will
position point <tt>left</tt> distance
<tt>period-left-sidebearing</tt> from point
<tt>left-sidebearing</tt>:
</p>
<pre>
<move distance="period-left-sidebearing">
<reference>
<point num="left-sidebearing"/>
</reference>
<point num="left"/>
</move>
</pre>
<p>
Since we have not said otherwise, it is implicit that we want the
distance to be rounded so that <tt>left</tt> is positioned on a
gridline.
</p>
<p>
The width of the period is also standard in this font, shared by
various dots in (for example) the colon, semicolon and exclamation
mark. So we need to add another control value:
</p>
<pre>
<control-value name="period-width" value="232"/>
</pre>
<p>
To control the width of the period we position point
<tt>right</tt> relative to point <tt>left</tt>. We
<em>could</em> do this by adding a <move> element
right after the one we just wrote, like this:
</p>
<pre>
<move distance="period-width">
<reference>
<point num="left"/>
</reference>
<point num="right"/>
</move>
</pre>
<p>
But it is better to nest the new <move> element inside the
other. The point in a nested <move> is always positioned
relative to the point moved by the parent <move>, so we can
omit the <reference> element:
</p>
<pre>
<move distance="period-left-sidebearing">
<reference>
<point num="left-sidebearing"/>
</reference>
<point num="left"/>
<move distance="period-width">
<point num="right"/>
</move>
</move>
</pre>
<p>
That finishes our work on the x axis. Let's look at the
result. The program so far looks like this:
</p>
<pre>
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<xgridfit xmlns="http://xgridfit.sourceforge.net/Xgridfit2">
<constant name="left-sidebearing" value="last + 1"/>
<control-value name="period-left-sidebearing" value="51"/>
<control-value name="period-width" value="232"/>
<pre-program>
</pre-program>
<glyph ps-name="period">
<constant name="last" value="15"/>
<constant name="left" value="8"/>
<constant name="right" value="0"/>
<constant name="bottom" value="5"/>
<constant name="top" value="13"/>
<with-vectors axis="x">
<move distance="period-left-sidebearing">
<reference>
<point num="left-sidebearing"/>
</reference>
<point num="left"/>
<move distance="period-width">
<point num="right"/>
</move>
</move>
</with-vectors>
</glyph>
</xgridfit>
</pre>
<p>
And when we run it from inside FontForge, the glyph looks like
this:
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<img src="Gentium_period_horz.png" alt="Gentium period"/>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
It doesn't look like much yet, but you can see that points
<tt>left</tt> and <tt>right</tt> are positioned on gridlines.
</p>
<p>
We'll start work on vertical moves by adding a with-block for the
y axis:
</p>
<pre>
<with-vectors axis="y">
</with-vectors>
</pre>
<p>
The distances we have to work with here are that of point
<tt>bottom</tt> from the baseline (-31) and that of point
<tt>top</tt> from <tt>bottom</tt> (277). These are also standard
in the font, found in the colon, exclamation mark and
elsewhere. So we add control values:
</p>
<pre>
<control-value name="period-bottom" value="-31"/>
<control-value name="period-height" value="277"/>
</pre>
<p>
We'll start by positioning point <tt>bottom</tt> at position
<tt>period-bottom</tt>. Since we are positioning the point on the
grid rather than relative to another point, we don't need a
<reference> element; and the distance will be rounded since
we haven't said otherwise:
</p>
<pre>
<move distance="period-bottom">
<point num="bottom"/>
</move>
</pre>
<p>
Then we'll position point <tt>top</tt> relative to point
<tt>bottom</tt>. Once again, the preferred method is to nest a
<move> element in the one we've just written:
</p>
<pre>
<move distance="period-bottom">
<point num="bottom"/>
<move distance="period-height">
<point num="top"/>
</move>
</move>
</pre>
<p>
Here's the result:
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<img src="Gentium_period_hv.png" alt="Gentium period"/>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
It looks really bad because we have moved only four points of the
fifteen that make up the glyph. We can position the rest
automatically by adding this instruction at the end of the
program:
</p>
<pre>
<interpolate-untouched-points/>
</pre>
<p>
And the result looks like this:
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<img src="Gentium_period_int.png" alt="Gentium period"/>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
The glyph is rather narrow and tall at the resolution we have been
using for illustration (20 pixels per em). If we want it to
be rounder, we should adjust the control value
<tt>period-height</tt>: that way, all of the various dots
controlled by that control value will be adjusted at the same
time. We add these elements to the <pre-program>:
</p>
<pre>
<round value="period-height"/>
<control-value-delta>
<delta-set size="11" distance="-8" cv="period-height"/>
</control-value-delta>
</pre>
<p>
The <round> element rounds the control value
<tt>period-height</tt> at all resolutions. The
<control-value-delta> element shrinks the distance by one
pixel at 20 pixels per em (for details about the operation of
delta instructions, see <a href="deltas.html">here</a>). Since the
distance <tt>period-height</tt> is already rounded, we can add an
attribute <tt>round="no"</tt> to the element that moves
<tt>top</tt>. Now when the program is run, the result looks like
this:
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<img src="Gentium_period_final.png" alt="Gentium period"/>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>
You can check the appearance of the period at various resolutions
in FontForge or using ftview (a utility that accompanies
FreeType), and add <delta-set> elements to the
<control-value-delta> element as needed. Now the complete
Xgridfit file is as follows:
</p>
<pre>
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<xgridfit xmlns="http://xgridfit.sourceforge.net/Xgridfit2">
<constant name="left-sidebearing" value="last + 1"/>
<control-value name="period-left-sidebearing" value="51"/>
<control-value name="period-width" value="232"/>
<control-value name="period-bottom" value="-31"/>
<control-value name="period-height" value="277"/>
<pre-program>
<round value="period-height"/>
<control-value-delta>
<delta-set size="11" distance="-8" cv="period-height"/>
</control-value-delta>
</pre-program>
<glyph ps-name="period">
<constant name="last" value="15"/>
<constant name="left" value="8"/>
<constant name="right" value="0"/>
<constant name="bottom" value="5"/>
<constant name="top" value="13"/>
<with-vectors axis="x">
<move distance="period-left-sidebearing">
<reference>
<point num="left-sidebearing"/>
</reference>
<point num="left"/>
<move distance="period-width">
<point num="right"/>
</move>
</move>
</with-vectors>
<with-vectors axis="y">
<move distance="period-bottom">
<point num="bottom"/>
<move distance="period-height" round="no">
<point num="top"/>
</move>
</move>
</with-vectors>
<interpolate-untouched-points/>
</glyph>
</xgridfit>
</pre>
<p>
The illustrations above were generated by running the Xgridfit
program from the FontForge GUI (File--Execute Script). If we want
to run it from the command line, we must add <infile> and
<outfile> elements somewhere near the top of the file:
</p>
<pre>
<infile>Gentium-Italic.sfd</infile>
<outfile>Gentium-Italic.ttf</outfile>
</pre>
<p>
And now, supposing we have named the file
<tt>Gentium-Italic.xgf</tt>, we can run the program with this
command:
</p>
<pre>
xgridfit -f Gentium-Italic.xgf
</pre>
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