NAME

xmorph/tkmorph: Digital Image Warp ("morph") graphical user interface




AUTHOR

Written and Copyright (C) 1994-1997 by Michael J. Gourlay

This file is part of Xmorph.

Xmorph is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
the Free Software Foundation; either version 2, or (at your option)
any later version.

Xmorph is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with Xmorph; see the file LICENSE.  If not, write to
the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330,
Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.




DESCRIPTION

Xmorph and tkmorph are digital image warping programs, also known as
"morphing" programs.

Xmorph and tkmorph read, write, warp, and dissolve images, and read,
write, create, and manipulate control meshes which determine the
warping.  xmorph and tkmorph have help pages built into them, so no
external documentation is necessary.

Xmorph runs under the X Window System, using the X library, X toolkit,
X miscellaneous utilities, and the Athena widgets, all of which are
publically available from the Open Group Inc., and part of the typical
X installation.  Xmorph alro runs under Microsoft Windows NT and
Windows 95, if you also have an X server and X libraries such as
cygwin.

Tkmorph runs under many window systems, including the X Window System,
Microsoft Windows, and Macintosh.  Tkmorph requires the use of TCL, the
Tool Command Language written by John Ousterhout and others, the widget
Toolkit (Tk) that accompanies TCL, and the TCL/Tk shell called "wish"
with the "load" command enabled, which allows dynamic loading of
modules.  When you build "tkmorph" you are actually building dynamic
shared libraries to be loaded into an existing executable program, the
"wish" shell.  The actual "tkmorph" program is a TCL script.

You can obtain TCL and Tk for free from
  http://sunscript.sun.com/

You will also need some TCL scripts from Donal K. Fellows:
  http://r8h.cs.man.ac.uk:8000/tcl/
You will need dirbrowser3 and all of the routines needed by
dirbrowser3, which are inside dkflib, the "Generic Useful Library".

Both xmorph and tkmorph are written in ANSI C.  Tkmorph also has its
graphical user interface and other operational code written in TCL.
Tkmorph uses SWIG, the Simplified Wrapper Interface Generator, to
create most of the TCL wrapper code.




SEE ALSO

Morphing was invented and first used by Industrial Light and Magic.
The original author of the first morphing algorithym is Douglas B.
Smythe.  If you can get ahold of the article, read Douglas B.  Smythe's
article ``A Two-Pass Mesh Warping Algorithm for Object Transformation
and Image Interpolation'', ILM Technical Memo 1030, Computer Graphics
Department, Lucasfilm Ltd., 1990.  This kind of morphing is technically
nothing more than a simultaneous warp and dissolve of an image.
Another kind of morphing, which is far more involved than what xmorph
does, uses 3D models of the two things being morphed.

The first commercial use of morphing was in a sequence in the movie
{\em Willow}.  Since then, morphing has been widely used.  Among the
more memorable morphing sequences are those found in Michael
Jackson's ``Black or White'' video, and in the movie {\em T2}.

Be sure to read George Wolberg's {\em Digital Image Warping}.  I have
corresponded with George Wolberg about this program.  I asked him
whether he considered xmorph to be a violation of copyright of the
algorithms in his book, since there are similarities.  Mr. Wolberg
assured me that my algorithms were different enough that there was no
problem, and he seemed very interested and enthused about the existence
of my public domain implementation.  Also, the algorithms published in
Mr. Wolberg's book had bugs in them which I and other xmorph
contributors have found, and those bugs have been reported to George
Wolberg, who verified my corrections to be proper.  I was also told
that these bugs were propagated on to Lucasfilm, although I have heard
from no one at Lucasfilm directly.




DISTRIBUTION

I have occasionally found xmorph being distributed without my consent
on CDROM's, (and on some CDROM's with my consent).  I generally have no
problem letting people distribute xmorph on CD, except that I want to
have a copy of the CD for myself.  Also, if I know about the CD, I can
tell people to buy it, so it is to our mutual advantage to let me know
about CD's with xmorph.

One company that distributes xmorph with my consent is Digital
Equipment Corporation.  They give out their Multimedia Showcase CDROM
for free to interested Digital UNIX Alpha users.  If you own a DEC
Alpha, I suppose that you can ask DEC for this CDROM.

Beware that versions released on CD are more than likely not the latest
version, since CD's last forever but latest versions last for about 8
months.

The place where I make official new releases of xmorph is at the Open
Group X11 FTP site with the rest of the X Window System contributed
software.  Look for xmorph in ftp.x.org (was export.lcs.mit.edu) in the
contrib directory heirarchy, in the applications or graphics
subdirectories:

  ftp://ftp.x.org/contrib/applications
  ftp://ftp.x.org/contrib/graphics

The Open Group site is mirrored around the world.  Please find the Open
Group mirror most appropriate for you.  There are several mirrors in
Europe, and from what I am told, if you are in Europe, network delays
calling Open Group directly are very bad, so look for a mirror local to
you.

NOTE:  Since the X Window System FTP site changes its structure each
time they make a new major release of the X Window System, the place
where the latest xmorph can be found might change.  I make a new
release about twice a year, so if the version you find is much older
than about six months, then it is probably not the latest version.

A Linux version is being maintained and that version is kept at
sunsite.unc.edu along with other Linux software for X.

A direct source of the source code is through my home page.  I put
releases up at this location more often than anywhere else:
  http://ucsub.colorado.edu/~gourlay




INSTALLATION

Carefully read the Makefile for instructions on how to compile the
program.




GETTING HELP WITH COMPILING

If you have problems getting xmorph to compile, link, or run
correctly, please do the following before asking me for help:

() Make sure you have the latest version of this program.

() If you do not know how to compile programs, then I assume that if
you are taking on this task, you want to understand how the process
works.  In that case, be willing to teach yourself how to use a
computer the way most programmers do:  Read the man pages and use a lot
of trial and error.  The process seems tedious and slow at first, but
you will eventually find that most bugs are not serious, and that you
can fix them yourself.

() Pay close attention to the error the computer gives you.  Is the
error from the make program, the C preprocessor, the C compiler, or the
linker?  Is the link dynamic or static?  If you feel ready to report a
compile error, make sure, for example, that the error is in fact a
compiler error, and not a linker error.  The error could also be a
preprocessor error, such as when the header files you need can not be
found.

() Carefully read the man page for your 'make' utility to see whether
it operates in a nonstandard way.  If so, then you will either need
another make program, or you will have to find the '-' option which
forces your make program to behave properly.

() If the error is a preprocessor error, such as a complaint that
header files could not be found, find out why the header files could
not be found.  Perhaps on your machine, the header files are in a
nonstandard place.  This is true for Solaris, for example.  Ask your
system administrator for help finding them.

() Carefully read the man page and whatever other documentation you
have for your compiler to see what the error the compiler gave you
means.  Compiler errors are not as mysterious as people would like to
pretend they are.

() Carefully read the man page for your static linker and your dynamic
linker.  Know whether you are linking dynamic libraries or static
libraries.  Most systems, sadly, do not have the same libraries for
static and dynamic linking, so if one set does not work, try the
other.  This fixes most linker problems I have seen so far,
particularly on SunOS or Solaris, and FreeBSD.

() Ask your system administrator to help you.  Most of the so-called
bug reports I receive have to do with the details of the machine the
person is compiling on, and I can provide no insight into their
problem.  The system administrator exists for a reason, which is to
centralize knowledge about how your computers operate.

Occasionally I will make a new release of this program which has a bug,
but most long-lasting releases have no known bugs, and the problems
that are reported to me are in those cases always eventually solved by
the user asking their system administrator for information, and the
information is invariably something I could not know about because it
is specific to your machine.  About a third of problems reported to me
could have been handled without my help if the person read the Makefile
comments.




SUCCESS BUILDING XMORPH ON SPECIFIC SYSTEMS

This program has been tested on various models of Sun SPARCs running
both SunOS and Solaris, SGI's running IRIX, Intel running Linux, Intel
running MS Win95 and MS WinNT, DEC Alpha running Digital UNIX, and
varoius HP machines running HPUX.  The code is so portable that no
modifications are necessary to compile on these machines, except for
those documented in the Makefile.  Of course, operating systems change,
and new bugs are written, so if you find that the status of xmorph's
portability has changed, then please let me know so that it can be
fixed.  If you get Xmorph running on other architectures, please send
email to me to report your success, and whether you had any problems
compiling, and what the solutions were to those problem.




REPORTING BUGS

Send bug reports to michael.gourlay@colorado.edu.

* Tell me the version of xmorph or tkmorph you are using.  The version
is the same as the distribution date, such as "19jul97".

* If you are using tkmorph then tell me what version of the "wish" shell
you are using.  This information is availabel by issueing these
commands:
        puts $tcl_version $tk_version

* Include details about the type of error encountered, and at what
stage it happened.  (i.e., make, preprocessor, compiler, linker,
execution, etc.)

* Tell me the operating system and version you are using, as well as
which variety of the X Window System you are using (for example, Open
Group or OpenWindows or XFree86 or whatever).  Also tell me what
version you are using (X11R6.3 or whatever).  If you are using MS Win95
or MS WinNT then tell me so.

* Tell me the configuration of the display hardware and software on the
machine that xmorph or tkmorph failed on.  The output of "xdpyinfo"
might be helpful in some cases for machines running X Window System.
The sort of information that would be useful are the number of bits per
pixel of your display (also called the "depth" of your display).  If
you are using MS Windows then the display information is available from
the "Control Panel / Display" utility.  Note that just because your
hardware might support a certain display depth, that does not mean your
X server is currently configured to use it.  In fact, as incredible as
it seems, high en Silicon Graphics workstations with 32-bit graphics
capabilities, including the Onyx with a Reality Engine, by default
configure their X servers to use 8 bit psuedo-color even though they
can support 24-bit true color.  This makes absolutely no sense at all,
of course, but there it is.

* Tell me everything I need to know to reproduce the error.

* If you followed instructions, you've completely read the Makefile and
the README file, in which case you know the magic word.  If you
include the magic word in your email message to me, the message will
automatically be given priority by my mail reader and I will find it
sooner.




RUNNING XMORPH or TKMORPH

There is a short xmorph man page, which tells you some nice things
about how to start xmorph, but most of the information about how to
actually use xmorph is contained within xmorph itself.

Xmorph is self-documented, so run the program to find out how to
use it.  The internal documentation is coded in "help_menu.c".
Read all of the help menu information.  The best way to learn how to
use xmorph is to play with it after you read the help menus.

The general sequence of events in using xmorph is this:

Find two images that you want to morph into each other.  The first
image is called the "source" image.  The second image is called the
"destination" image.  The resulting warp and dissolve between those two
images is called the "tween" image.

Get these images into a computer.  You need to use some sort of
digitizing device, such as a flatbed scanner, or a video capture
device.  If you just want to play around at first to become aquainted
with xmorph, then you can find some images already in a computer
format.  There are zillions of images on the internet.  Check, for
example, ftp://wuarchive.wustle.edu.

Make sure the images are both the same size and shape, in number of
pixels.  If the images did not start out being the same size, there are
many image manipulation programs, both free and commercial, which can
resize and crop (cut) images.  For example, PBMplus, netpbm,
ImageMagick, xv, and Photoshop all perform this sort of manipulation.

Convert the images into the Targa image file format.  xmorph and
tkmorph read and write images in the Targa TrueVision (TGA) image file
format.  Targa has several methods of storing image data.  For best
results, use 24-bit or 32-bit full color.  The 24-bit format should
work for most situations.  The 32-bit format includes an "alpha"
tranparency plane.  If you do not already know what an "alpha" plane
is, then it is beyond the scope of my intention to explain it here.
Suffice it to say that alpha is used to overlay (matte) one image on
top of another.

  NOTE:  Xv and xmorph/tkmorph did not always share a common idea of
  what is a valid "Targa" image file.  I do not know why.  If you have
  trouble using Xv to view TGA images produced by xmorph, then you
  should either get a new version of Xv, or use another program to view
  your TGA images.  Later versions of Xv do not have this
  incompatibility, so I assume that the problem was a bug in Xv which
  has since been fixed.  I have not made any changes in my TGA file
  routines for years.

Run xmorph or tkmorph.  For more details, read the help menus within
xmorph or tkmorph.

From within xmorph or tkmorph, read the two images.  The images will
appear behind meshes in the respective image panels.

From within xmorph or tkmorph, manipulate the meshes by dragging mesh
points around.

From within xmorph, perform a "morph sequence".  This involves
selecting a the number of in-between images to create, and the file
name of the images.  Xmorph will warp and dissolve the images, and
write them to image files.




CREATING MOTION ANIMATIONS (i.e. MAKING MOVIES FROM IMAGES)

See the "xmorph.man" man page for some info about how to make movies
out of a sequence of images.

Some other systems have commercial tools for generating animations
from a sequence of image files:

  Adobe Premier can import a sequence of Targa files (and other
  sequences) to create a motion video, such as a Quicktime or AVI
  (audio-video interleaved) movie.

  Silicon Graphics IRIX has tools such as mediaconvert and dmconvert
  to create movies from images, including Targa files.

    Here is an example of how to use dmconvert:

    (0) Let us say that you have a sequence of 30 Targa images named
        'warp0000' to 'warp0029' that you want to make into a movie.

    (1) Enter the command
          dmconvert -D -n warp####.tga warp####.tga
        to make sure that the image files can be read by dmconvert.
        You should get a list of information about the image files.

    (2) Enter the command
          dmconvert -f sgimv -n warp####.tga -p video warp####.tga out.movie
        This should create an SGI movie from the images warp0000,
        warp0001, ..., warp0029.  To play the movie, type movieplayer
        out.movie.

Also see Andy Thaler's WWW home page (the URL is given elsewhere in
this file) for links to some relavent programs.




DISPLAY HARDWARE NOTES

Xmorph is designed to work on static gray 1-bit, pseudo-color 8-bit,
and true-color 24-bit displays.  If you are running on a static gray
or pseudo-color display, the images that show up in the xmorph image
panels are dithered (which makes them look grainy), but the images
stored internally are full-color non-dithered, and the image files
written by xmorph are full-color non-dithered.  Do not let the
relatively poor image quality of the dithered image panels concern
you.  They are only "schematic" images to let you manipulate the
meshes.  Remember that the xmorph graphical user interface is
primarily used to manipulate meshes, not to display images.  To view
your morphs in full glory requires that you make an animation of your
image sequence.

Notes about color dithering:

I have made the color dithering routines within xmorph somewhat
generic, in the sense that you can choose the number of bits per
channel that you want to use when creating the so-called ``dithering
colormap''.  Look in "diw_map.h".  You can change the number of bits
used to represent each of the channels red, green, and blue.  It is
generally believed that the human eye is moste sensative to green, and
least sensative to blue, so it makes sense to give more bits to green
and fewer to blue.  However, one could imagine that somebody could
prefer to give more bits to another color, or whatever you want.

Also, for 16-bit colormapped displays (which are becoming more common
now), you could conceivably use up 8 bits or more for your colormap
without worrying about interference with other programs.  I would
recommend using a RGB-332 dithering colormap in that case.

Another thing:  Some monochrome displays simulate PseudoColor by
allowing the applications to have a colormap.  This makes application
programming more simple.  The X server then has the responsibility
of dithering from color to monochrome.  Some such monochrome systems
have a 4-bit PseudoColor simulation mode which could conceivably be
used with xmorph, if some changes were made in the "dither_image"
routine in "image_x.c".  The colormap situation is easy to deal
with: Just use 1 bit per channel to get an RGB-111 dithering colormap.

tkmorph uses Tk PhotoImages to display images and the dithering is a
built-in function that I have relatively little control over.  However,
the Tk PhotoImage dithering seems to be fast and clean so I'm more than
satisfied with it.  In any case, the displayed image is dithered but
the actual images that are written to output files are not dithered, as
in xmorph.




ABOUT TARGA IMAGE FILE FORMAT

I have been asked by many people what image file format xmorph uses.
Xmorph uses the Targa image file format, also called TGA.

Several people say that they can not find a program that supports Targa
image files, or ask what the Targa image file format is.  Here are
some answers:

TrueVision is a company that makes motion video hardware.  Some of
their hardware products are called "Targa something" where the
"something" part depends on the particular model.  The Targa TGA image
file format has been around for a long time and is still used (or at
least supported) by other software packages that handle digital video
editting and compression/decomression.  See the section in this README
about making movies from a sequence of image files.

TGA works well because it is sufficiently flexible to use a number of
storage schemes (including colormapped, 24-bit true color, 32-bit alpha
true-color, and gray scale) and it provides for some compression using
a form of run-length encoding which is modified to minimize the
worst-case expansion.

Right now, Xmorph and tkmorph only read and write Targa image files.
There is a PBMplus (and netpbm) utility to convert Targa image files to
and from other formats.  Also, Art Department Pro's Professional
Conversion Pack (which runs on Amiga systems) has a Targa reader and
writer.  Targa files are also viewable from Image Magick utilities, but
they have to have a .tga extension to them for some reason (probably
because Targa files do not have a magic number in their header
identifying them as Targas.)  Adobe Premier can easily read a sequence
of TGA files and turn them into a full motion video clip.




WORLD WIDE WEB SITES

For xmorph animations see Andy Thaller's WWW home page at
  http://www.informatik.tu-muenchen.de/cgi-bin/nph-gateway/hphalle2/~thaller

The old one was at this address:
  http://www.informatik.tu-muenchen.de/cgi-bin/nph-gateway/hphalle8/~thaller

There is a weird morph on Bruno Boettcher's home page:
  http://erm6.u-strasbg.fr/~bboett/fr.index.html




Please report to me if you have animations that are cool that you would
like other people to see.




TO DO

I think it would be really cool and very appropriate if I got "before"
and "after" pictures of Michael Jackson and morphed one into the other
as a test.  If anybody has such images, please send them to me.

I have access to a Win95 machine, but not to a Macintosh with a C
compiler, so I can not test tkmorph on a Macintosh.  I would appreciate
if someone helped me out with development on a Mac.

Enhance interpolation routines to handle situations where the mesh
lines are not a true function (i.e. where a single abcissa has more
than one ordinate.)  This should be easy to fix either by
parameterizing the spline or by using line segments for the
interpolant.  There is not really good reason not to use line segments
for interpolants anyway -- they are easier and faster to compute and
their behaviour is more predictable than cubic splines.  Line segments
are less smooth but generally there will be so many knots that
smoothing just gets in the way.

Fix the problem where the last vertical line and the last horizontal
line are black after a warp.  This is probably a problem with the
interpolation arrays.

Support a wider range of image file types, including JPEG, PPM, and
TIFF.

If anybody is interested in helping out on these things, please let me
know.