*DB
{1}, the database root. All transient symbols in a
database can be reached from that root. Except during debugging, any explicit
literal access to symbols in the database should be avoided, because otherwise a
memory leak might occur (The garbage collector temporarily sets *DB
to NIL and restores its value after collection, thus disposing of
all external symbols not currently used in the program).
: (show *DB)
{1} NIL
+City {P}
+Person {3}
-> {1}
: (show '{P})
{P} NIL
nm (566 . {AhDx})
-> {P}
: (show '{3})
{3} NIL
tel (681376 . {Agyl})
nm (1461322 . {2gu7})
-> {3}
*Dbg
+ command line argument (see Invocation). When non-NIL, the $ (tracing) and ! (breakpoint) functions are enabled, and the
current line number and file name will be stored in symbol properties by
de, def and dm. See also debug, trace and lint.
: (de foo (A B) (* A B))
-> foo
: (trace 'foo)
-> foo
: (foo 3 4)
foo : 3 4
foo = 12
-> 12
: (let *Dbg NIL (foo 3 4))
-> 12
*Dbs
pool). It is typically set
by dbs
and dbs+.
: *Dbs
-> (1 2 1 0 2 3 3 3)
+Date
date), a subclass of +Number. See also Database.
(rel dat (+Ref +Date)) # Indexed date
+Dep
+relations. Expects a list of (symbolic)
attributes that depend on this relation. Whenever this relations is cleared
(receives a value of NIL), the dependent relations will also be
cleared, triggering all required side-effects. See also Database.
In the following example, the index entry for the item pointing to the position (and, therefore, to the order) is cleared in case the order is deleted, or this position is deleted from the order:
(class +Pos +Entity) # Position class
(rel ord (+Dep +Joint) # Order of that position
(itm) # 'itm' specifies the dependency
pos (+Ord) ) # Arguments to '+Joint'
(rel itm (+Ref +Link) NIL (+Item)) # Item depends on the order
(d) -> T
! breakpoints into all
subexpressions of the current breakpoint. Typically used when single-stepping a
function or method with debug. See
also u and unbug.
! (d) # Debug subexpression(s) at breakpoint
-> T
(daemon 'sym . prg) -> fun
(daemon '(sym . cls) . prg) -> fun
(daemon '(sym sym2 [. cls]) . prg) -> fun
prg in the beginning of the function (first form), the
method body of sym in cls (second form) or in the
class obtained by geting
sym2 from *Class (or
cls if given) (third form). Built-in functions (C-function pointer)
are automatically converted to Lisp expressions. See also expr, patch and redef.
: (de hello () (prinl "Hello world!"))
-> hello
: (daemon 'hello (prinl "# This is the hello world program"))
-> (NIL (prinl "# This is the hello world program") (prinl "Hello world!"))
: (hello)
# This is the hello world program
Hello world!
-> "Hello world!"
: (daemon '* (msg 'Multiplying))
-> (@ (msg 'Multiplying) (pass $134532148))
: *
-> (@ (msg 'Multiplying) (pass $134532148))
: (* 1 2 3)
Multiplying
-> 6
(dat$ 'dat ['sym]) -> sym
date dat in
ISO format, with an optional delimiter character sym. See also
$dat, tim$, datStr and datSym.
: (dat$ (date))
-> "20070601"
: (dat$ (date) "-")
-> "2007-06-01"
(datStr 'dat ['flg]) -> sym
date according to the
current locale. If flg
is non-NIL, the year will be formatted modulo 100. See also
dat$, datSym, strDat, expDat, expTel and day.
: (datStr (date))
-> "2007-06-01"
: (locale "DE" "de")
-> NIL
: (datStr (date))
-> "01.06.2007"
: (datStr (date) T)
-> "01.06.07"
(datSym 'dat) -> sym
date dat in
in symbolic format (DDmmmYY). See also dat$ and datStr.
: (datSym (date))
-> "01jun07"
(date ['T]) -> dat
(date 'dat) -> (y m d)
(date 'y 'm 'd) -> dat | NIL
(date '(y m d)) -> dat | NIL
T argument, the
current Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is returned. When called with a single
number dat, it is taken as a date and a list with the corresponding
year, month and day is returned. When called with three numbers (or a list of
three numbers) for the year, month and day, the corresponding date is returned
(or NIL if they do not represent a legal date). See also time, stamp, $dat, dat$, datSym, datStr, strDat, expDat, day, week and ultimo.
: (date) # Today
-> 730589
: (date 2000 6 12) # 12-06-2000
-> 730589
: (date 2000 22 5) # Illegal date
-> NIL
: (date (date)) # Today's year, month and day
-> (2000 6 12)
: (- (date) (date 2000 1 1)) # Number of days since first of January
-> 163
(day 'dat ['lst]) -> sym
date dat, in the language of the
current locale. If lst
is given, it should be a list of alternative weekday names. See also week, datStr and strDat.
: (day (date))
-> "Friday"
: (locale "DE" "de")
-> NIL
: (day (date))
-> "Freitag"
: (day (date) '("Mo" "Tu" "We" "Th" "Fr" "Sa" "Su"))
-> "Fr"
(db 'var 'cls ['hook] 'any ['var 'any ..]) -> sym | NIL
cls, where the values for
the var arguments correspond to the any arguments. If
a matching object cannot be found, NIL is returned.
var, cls and hook should specify a
tree for cls or one of
its superclasses. See also aux,
collect, request, fetch, init and step.
: (db 'nr '+Item 1)
-> {3-1}
: (db 'nm '+Item "Main Part")
-> {3-1}
db/3
db/4
db/5
+index. For the key
pattern applies:
+Aux
key combinations
The optional hook can be supplied as the third argument. See also select/3 and remote/2.
: (? (db nr +Item @Item)) # No value given
@Item={3-1}
@Item={3-2}
@Item={3-3}
@Item={3-4}
@Item={3-5}
@Item={3-6}
-> NIL
: (? (db nr +Item 2 @Item)) # Get item no. 2
@Item={3-2}
-> NIL
: (? (db nm +Item Spare @Item) (show @Item)) # Search for "Spare.."
{3-2} (+Item)
pr 1250
inv 100
sup {2-2}
nm "Spare Part"
nr 2
@Item={3-2}
-> NIL
(db: cls ..) -> num
cls argument(s). Needed, for example, for the creation of new objects. See also dbs.
: (db: +Item)
-> 3
(dbSync) -> flg
lock on the database root object *DB, and then calling sync to synchronize with possible changes from
other processes. When all desired modifications to external symbols are done,
(commit 'upd) should be called. See
also Database.
(let? Obj (rd) # Get object?
(dbSync) # Yes: Start transaction
(put> Obj 'nm (rd)) # Update
(put> Obj 'nr (rd))
(put> Obj 'val (rd))
(commit 'upd) ) # Close transaction
(dbck ['cnt] 'flg) -> any
cnt'th)
database file, and returns NIL (or the number of blocks and symbols
if flg is non-NIL) if everything seems correct.
Otherwise, a string indicating an error is returned. As a side effect, possibly
unused blocks (as there might be when a rollback is done before commiting newly allocated (new) external symbols) are appended to the free
list.
: (pool "db")
-> T
: (dbck)
-> NIL
(dbs . lst)
*Dbs. Each element in lst has a
number in its CAR (the block size scale factor of a database file, to be stored
in *Dbs). The CDR elements are either classes (so that objects of
that class are later stored in the corresponding file), or lists with a class in
the CARs and a list of relations in the CDRs (so that index trees for these
relations go into that file). See also dbs+ and pool.
(dbs
(3 +Role +User +Sal) # 512 Prevalent objects
(0 +Pos) # A:64 Tiny objects
(1 +Item +Ord) # B:128 Small objects
(2 +CuSu) # C:256 Normal objects
(2 (+Role nm) (+User nm) (+Sal nm)) # D:256 Small indexes
(4 (+CuSu nr plz tel mob)) # E:1024 Normal indexes
(4 (+CuSu nm)) # F:1024
(4 (+CuSu ort)) # G:1024
(4 (+Item nr sup pr)) # H:1024
(4 (+Item nm)) # I:1024
(4 (+Ord nr dat cus)) # J:1024
(4 (+Pos itm)) ) # K:1024
: *Dbs
-> (1 2 1 0 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4)
: (get '+Item 'Dbf)
-> (3 . 128)
: (get '+Item 'nr 'dbf)
-> (9 . 1024)
(dbs+ 'num . lst)
*Dbs. num is the initial offset
into the list. See also dbs.
(dbs+ 9
(1 +NewCls) # (9 . 128)
(3 (+NewCls nr nm)) ) # (10 . 512)
(de sym . any) -> sym
sym argument, by setting its
VAL to the any argument. If the symbol has already
another value, a "redefined" message is issued. When the value of the global
variable *Dbg is non-NIL, the current
line number and file name (if any) are stored in the *Dbg property
of sym. de is the standard way to define a function.
See also def, dm and undef.
: (de foo (X Y) (* X (+ X Y))) # Define a function
-> foo
: (foo 3 4)
-> 21
: (de *Var . 123) # Define a variable value
: *Var
-> 123
(debug 'sym) -> T
(debug 'sym 'cls) -> T
(debug '(sym . cls)) -> T
! breakpoint function call
at the beginning and all top-level expressions of the function or method body of
sym, to allow a stepwise execution. Typing (d) at a breakpoint will also debug the current
subexpression, and (e) will evaluate the
current subexpression. The current subexpression is stored in the global
variable ^. See also unbug, *Dbg, trace and lint.
: (de tst (N) # Define tst
(println (+ 3 N)) )
-> tst
: (debug 'tst) # Set breakpoints
-> T
: (pp 'tst)
(de tst (N)
(! println (+ 3 N)) ) # Breakpoint '!'
-> tst
: (tst 7) # Execute
(println (+ 3 N)) # Stopped at beginning of 'tst'
! (d) # Debug subexpression
-> T
! # Continue
(+ 3 N) # Stopped in subexpression
! N # Inspect variable 'N'
-> 7
! # Continue
10 # Output of print statement
-> 10 # Done
: (unbug 'tst)
-> T
: (pp 'tst) # Restore to original
(de tst (N)
(println (+ 3 N)) )
-> tst
(dec 'num) -> num
(dec 'var ['num]) -> num
num decremented by 1. The
second form decrements the VAL of var by 1, or by
num. If the first argument is NIL, it is returned
immediately. (dec 'num) is equivalent to (- 'num 1)
and (dec 'var) is equivalent to (set 'var (- var 1)).
See also inc and -.
: (dec -1)
-> -2
: (dec 7)
-> 6
: (setq N 7)
-> 7
: (dec 'N)
-> 6
: (dec 'N 3)
-> 3
(def 'sym 'any) -> sym
(def 'sym1 'sym2 'any) -> sym1
sym argument,
by setting its VAL's to any. The second form defines a
property value any for the first argument's sym2 key.
If any of these values existed and was changed in the process, a "redefined"
message is issued. When the value of the global variable *Dbg is non-NIL, the current line number
and file name (if any) are stored in the *Dbg property of
sym. See also de and
dm.
: (def 'b '((X Y) (* X (+ X Y))))
-> b
: (def 'b 999)
# b redefined
-> b
(default var 'any ..) -> any
any in the var arguments only if
their current values are NIL. Otherwise, their values are left
unchanged. In any case, the last var's value is returned.
default is used typically in functions to initialize optional
arguments.
: (de foo (A B) # Function with two optional arguments
(default A 1 B 2) # The default values are 1 and 2
(list A B) )
-> foo
: (foo 333 444) # Called with two arguments
-> (333 444)
: (foo 333) # Called with one arguments
-> (333 2)
: (foo) # Called without arguments
-> (1 2)
(del 'any 'var) -> lst
any from the list in the value of var, and
returns the remaining list. (del 'any 'var) is equivalent to
(set 'var (delete 'any var)). See also delete, cut and pop.
: (setq S '((a b c) (d e f)))
-> ((a b c) (d e f))
: (del '(d e f) 'S)
-> ((a b c))
: (del 'b S)
-> (a c)
(delete 'any 'lst) -> lst
any from lst. If any is
contained more than once in lst, only the first occurrence is
deleted. See also delq, remove and insert.
: (delete 2 (1 2 3))
-> (1 3)
: (delete (3 4) '((1 2) (3 4) (5 6) (3 4)))
-> ((1 2) (5 6) (3 4))
delete/3
delete and
member/2.
: (? (delete b (a b c) @X))
@X=(a c)
-> NIL
(delq 'any 'lst) -> lst
any from lst. If any is
contained more than once in lst, only the first occurrence is
deleted. == is used for comparison
(pointer equality). See also delete,
asoq, memq, mmeq and Comparing.
: (delq 'b '(a b c))
-> (a c)
: (delq (2) (1 (2) 3))
-> (1 (2) 3)
(dep 'cls) -> cls
cls, i.e. the tree of
superclasses and the tree of subclasses. See also OO Concepts, class and can.
: (dep '+Number) # Dependencies of '+Number'
+relation # Single superclass is '+relation'
+Number
+Date # Subclasses are '+Date' and '+Time'
+Time
-> +Number
(depth 'lst) -> (cnt1 . cnt2)
cnt1) and the average (cnt2)
"depth" of a tree structure as maintained by idx. See also length and size.
: (off X) # Clear variable
-> NIL
: (for N (1 2 3 4 5 6 7) (idx 'X N T)) # Build a degenerated tree
-> NIL
: X
-> (1 NIL 2 NIL 3 NIL 4 NIL 5 NIL 6 NIL 7) # Only right branches
: (depth X)
-> (7 . 4) # Depth is 7, average 4
(diff 'lst 'lst) -> lst
lst arguments. See also sect.
: (diff (1 2 3 4 5) (2 4))
-> (1 3 5)
: (diff (1 2 3) (1 2 3))
-> NIL
different/2
equal/2.
: (? (different 3 4))
-> T
(dir ['any] ['flg]) -> lst
any. Names
starting with a dot '.' are ignored, unless flg is
non-NIL. See also cd and
info.
: (filter '((F) (tail '(. c) (chop F))) (dir "src/"))
-> ("main.c" "subr.c" "gc.c" "io.c" "big.c" "sym.c" "tab.c" "flow.c" ..
(dirname 'any) -> sym
any. See also
basename and path.
: (dirname "a/b/c/d")
-> "a/b/c/"
(dm sym . fun|cls2) -> sym
(dm (sym . cls) . fun|cls2) -> sym
(dm (sym sym2 [. cls]) . fun|cls2) -> sym
sym in the current class,
implicitly given by the value of the global variable *Class, or - in the second form - for the
explicitly given class cls. In the third form, the class object is
obtained by geting sym2
from *Class (or cls if
given). If the method for that class existed and was changed in the process, a
"redefined" message is issued. If - instead of a method fun - a
symbol specifying another class cls2 is given, the method from that
class is used (explicit inheritance). When the value of the global variable *Dbg is non-NIL, the current line number
and file name (if any) are stored in the *Dbg property of
sym. See also OO Concepts,
de, undef, class, rel, var, method, send and try.
: (dm start> ()
(super)
(mapc 'start> (: fields))
(mapc 'start> (: arrays)) )
: (dm foo> . +OtherClass) # Explicitly inherit 'foo>' from '+OtherClass'
(do 'flg|num ['any | (NIL 'any . prg) | (T 'any . prg) ..]) -> any
num times (or never (if the first argument is NIL), or
an infinite number of times (if the first argument is T)). If a
clause has NIL or T as its CAR, the clause's second
element is evaluated as a condition and - if the result is NIL or
non-NIL, respectively - the prg is executed and the
result returned. Otherwise (if count drops to zero), the result of the last
expression is returned. See also loop
and for.
: (do 4 (printsp 'OK))
OK OK OK OK -> OK
: (do 4 (printsp 'OK) (T (= 3 3) (printsp 'done)))
OK done -> done
(doc ['sym1] ['sym2])
sym1. sym2 may be the name of a browser. If not given,
the value of the environment variable BROWSER, or the
w3m browser is tried. If sym1 is NIL, the
PicoLisp Reference manual is opened. See also Function Reference and vi.
: (doc '+) # Function reference
-> T
: (doc '+relation) # Class reference
-> T
: (doc) # Reference manual
-> T
: (doc 'vi "firefox") # Use alternative browser
-> T